Package 'MotifPeeker'

Bootstrap motif-summit distances for one set of peaks and one motif

Description

This function performs bootstrapping to estimate the distribution of mean absolute distances between peak summits and motif positions for a given set of peaks and a specified motif.

Usage

bootstrap_distances(
  peaks,
  motif,
  genome_build,
  samples_n = NULL,
  samples_len = NULL,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

peaks	A GRanges object containing peak ranges.
motif	A universalmotif object.
genome_build	A BSgenome object representing the genome build.
samples_n	An integer specifying the number of bootstrap samples to generate. If NULL, it is set to 70% of the number of peaks.
samples_len	An integer specifying the number of peaks to sample in each bootstrap iteration. If NULL, it is set to 20 peaks.
out_dir	Location to save the 0-order background file. By default, the background file will be written to a temporary directory.
meme_path	path to "meme/bin/" (default: NULL). Will use default search behavior as described in check_meme_install() if unset.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A numeric vector of bootstrapped mean absolute distances between peak summits and motif positions with length equal to samples_n.

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    peak <- system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_peaks.narrowPeak",
                package = "MotifPeeker") |>
                read_peak_file() |>
                sample(20)
    motif <- system.file("extdata", "motif_MA1102.3.jaspar",
                package = "MotifPeeker") |> read_motif_file()
                
    if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38")) {
        genome_build <-
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
            
        distances <- bootstrap_distances(
            peak = peak,
            motif = motif,
            genome_build = genome_build,
            samples_n = 2,
            samples_len = NULL,
            verbose = FALSE
        )
        print(distances)
    }
}

---

Calculate FRiP score

Description

Calculate the Fraction of Reads in Peak score from the read and peak file of an experiment.

Usage

calc_frip(read_file, peak_file, single_end = TRUE, total_reads = NULL)

Arguments

read_file	A BamFile object.
peak_file	A GRanges object.
single_end	A logical value. If TRUE, the reads classified as single-ended. (default = TRUE)
total_reads	(optional) The total number of reads in the experiment. Skips counting the total number of reads if provided, saving computation.

Details

The FRiP score is calculated as follows:

$\text{FRiP} = \frac{(\text{number of reads in peaks})}{\text{(total number of reads)}}$

Value

A numeric value indicating the FRiP score.

Examples

read_file <- system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_alignment.bam",
                        package = "MotifPeeker")
read_file <- Rsamtools::BamFile(read_file)
data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")

calc_frip(read_file, CTCF_ChIP_peaks)

---

Check for ENCODE input

Description

Check and get files from ENCODE project. Requires the input to be in ENCODE ID format. Uses BiocFileCache to cache downloads. Only works for files.

Usage

check_ENCODE(encode_id, expect_format, verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

encode_id	A character string specifying the ENCODE ID.
expect_format	A character string (or a vector) specifying the expected format(s) of the file. If the file is not in the expected format, an error is thrown.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A character string specifying the path to the downloaded file.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("curl", quietly = TRUE) &&
    requireNamespace("jsonlite", quietly = TRUE)) {
    check_ENCODE("ENCFF920TXI", expect_format = c("bed", "gz"))
}

---

Check genome build

Description

Check if the genome build is valid and return an appropriate BSgenome-class object.

Usage

check_genome_build(genome_build)

Arguments

genome_build

A character string with the abbreviated genome build name, or a BSGenome object. Check check_genome_build details for genome builds which can be imported as abbreviated names.

Details

Currently, the following genome builds can be specified to 'genome_build' as abbreviated names:

• hg38: Human genome build GRCh38 (BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38)

• hg19: Human genome build GRCh37 (BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19)

• mm10: Mouse genome build GRCm38 (BSgenome.Mmusculus.UCSC.mm10)

• mm39: Mouse genome build GRCm39 (BSgenome.Mmusculus.UCSC.mm39)

If the genome build you wish to use is not listed here, please pass a BSgenome-class data object directly.

Value

A BSGenome object.

See Also

BSgenome-class for more information on BSGenome objects.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38", quietly = TRUE)) {
    check_genome_build("hg38")
}

---

Check for JASPAR input

Description

Check and get files from JASPAR. Requires the input to be in JASPAR ID format. Uses BiocFileCache to cache downloads.

Usage

check_JASPAR(motif_id, verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

motif_id	A character string specifying the JASPAR motif ID.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A character string specifying the path to the downloaded file.

Examples

check_JASPAR("MA1930.2")

---

Example ChIP-seq peak file

Description

Human CTCF peak file generated with ChIP-seq using HCT116 cell-line. No control files were used to generate the peak file.

Usage

data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks")

Format

An object of class GRanges of length 209.

Note

To reduce the size of the package, the included peak file focuses on specific genomic regions. The subset region included is chr10:65,654,529-74,841,155.

Source

ENCODE Accession: ENCFF091ODJ

---

Example TIP-seq peak file

Description

Human CTCF peak file generated with TIP-seq using HCT116 cell-line. The peak file was generated using the nf-core/cutandrun pipeline. Raw read files were sourced from NIH Sequence Read Archives (ID: SRR16963166).

Usage

data("CTCF_TIP_peaks")

Format

An object of class GRanges of length 182.

Note

To reduce the size of the package, the included peak file focuses on specific genomic regions. The subset region included is chr10:65,654,529-74,841,155.

---

Discover motifs in sequences

Description

Use STREME from MEME suite to find motifs in the provided sequences. To speed up the process, the sequences can be optionally trimmed to reduce the search space. The result is then optionally filtered to remove motifs with a high number of nucleotide repeats

Usage

denovo_motifs(
  seqs,
  trim_seq_width,
  genome_build,
  discover_motifs_count = 3,
  minw = 8,
  maxw = 25,
  filter_n = 6,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::SerialParam(),
  verbose = FALSE,
  debug = FALSE,
  ...
)

Arguments

seqs	A list of GRanges objects containing sequences to search for motifs.
trim_seq_width	An integer specifying the width of the sequence to extract around the summit (default = NULL). This sequence is used to search for discovered motifs. If not provided, the entire peak region will be used. This parameter is intended to reduce the search space and speed up motif discovery; therefore, a value less than the average peak width is recommended. Peaks are trimmed symmetrically around the summit while respecting the peak bounds.
genome_build	The genome build that the peak sequences should be derived from.
discover_motifs_count	An integer specifying the number of motifs to discover. (default = 3) Note that higher values take longer to compute.
minw	An integer specifying the minimum width of the motif. (default = 8)
maxw	An integer specifying the maximum width of the motif. (default = 25)
filter_n	An integer specifying the number of consecutive nucleotide repeats a discovered motif must contain to be filtered out. (default = 6)
out_dir	A character vector of output directory to save STREME results to. (default = tempdir())
meme_path	path to "meme/bin/" (default: NULL). Will use default search behavior as described in check_meme_install() if unset.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object specifying run parameters. (default = SerialParam(), single core run)
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
debug	A logical indicating whether to print debug messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
...	Additional arguments to pass to STREME. For more information, refer to the official MEME Suite documentation on STREME.

Value

A list of universalmotif objects and associated metadata.

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38", quietly = TRUE)) {
    genome_build <- BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
   
    res <- denovo_motifs(list(CTCF_TIP_peaks),
                        trim_seq_width = 50,
                        genome_build = genome_build,
                        discover_motifs_count = 1,
                        filter_n = 6,
                        minw = 8,
                        maxw = 8,
                        out_dir = tempdir())
    print(res[[1]]$consensus)
}
}

---

Find similar motifs

Description

Search through provided motif database to find similar motifs to the input. Light wrapper around TOMTOM from MEME Suite.

Usage

find_motifs(
  streme_out,
  motif_db,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam(),
  verbose = FALSE,
  debug = FALSE,
  ...
)

Arguments

streme_out	Output from denovo_motifs.
motif_db	Path to .meme format file to use as reference database, or a list of universalmotif-class objects. (optional) Results from de-novo motif discovery are searched against this database to find similar motifs. If not provided, JASPAR CORE database will be used. NOTE: p-value estimates are inaccurate when the database has fewer than 50 entries.
out_dir	A character vector of output directory to save STREME results to. (default = tempdir())
meme_path	path to "meme/bin/" (default: NULL). Will use default search behavior as described in check_meme_install() if unset.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object specifying run parameters. (default = bpparam())
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
debug	A logical indicating whether to print debug messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
...	Additional arguments to pass to TOMTOM. For more information, refer to the official MEME Suite documentation on TOMTOM.

Value

data.frame of match results. Contains best_match_motif column of universalmotif objects with the matched PWM from the database, a series of ⁠best_match_*⁠ columns describing the TomTom results of the match, and a tomtom list column storing the ranked list of possible matches to each motif. If a universalmotif data.frame is used as input, these columns are appended to the data.frame. If no matches are returned, tomtom and best_match_motif columns will be set to NA and a message indicating this will print.

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
    
    if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38", quietly = TRUE)) {
        genome_build <-
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
   
        res <- denovo_motifs(list(CTCF_TIP_peaks),
                        trim_seq_width = 50,
                        genome_build = genome_build,
                        discover_motifs_count = 1,
                        filter_n = 10,
                        out_dir = tempdir())
        res2 <- find_motifs(res, motif_db = get_JASPARCORE(),
                            out_dir = tempdir())
        print(res2)
    }
}

---

Get dataframe with motif-summit distances

Description

Wrapper for 'MotifPeeker::summit_to_motif' to get motif-summit distances for all peaks and motifs, generating a data.frame suitable for plots.

Usage

get_df_distances(
  result,
  user_motifs,
  genome_build,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

result	A list with the following elements: peaks A list of peak files generated using read_peak_file. alignments A list of alignment files. exp_type A character vector of experiment types. exp_labels A character vector of experiment labels. read_count A numeric vector of read counts. peak_count A numeric vector of peak counts.
user_motifs	A list with the following elements: motifs A list of motif files. motif_labels A character vector of motif labels.
genome_build	A character string with the abbreviated genome build name, or a BSGenome object. Check check_genome_build details for genome builds which can be imported as abbreviated names.
out_dir	A character vector of output directory.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object enabling parallel execution. (default = SerialParam(), single-CPU run) Following are two examples of how to set up parallel processing: BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(4): Uses 4 CPU cores for parallel processing. library("BiocParallel") followed by register(MulticoreParam(4)) sets all subsequent BiocParallel functions to use 4 CPU cores. Motifpeeker() must be run with BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(). IMPORTANT: For each worker, please ensure a minimum of 8GB of memory (RAM) is available as motif_discovery is memory-intensive.
meme_path	path to ⁠meme/bin/⁠ (optional). Defaut: NULL, searches "MEME_PATH" environment variable or "meme_path" option for path to "meme/bin/".
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A data.frame with the following columns:

exp_label

Experiment labels.

exp_type

Experiment types.

motif_indice

Motif indices.

distance

Distances between peak summit and motif.

See Also

Other generate data.frames: get_df_distances_bootstrapped(), get_df_enrichment()

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
data("motif_MA1102.3", package = "MotifPeeker")
data("motif_MA1930.2", package = "MotifPeeker")
input <- list(
    peaks = CTCF_ChIP_peaks,
    exp_type = "ChIP",
    exp_labels = "CTCF",
    read_count = 150,
    peak_count = 100
)
motifs <- list(
    motifs = list(motif_MA1930.2, motif_MA1102.3),
    motif_labels = list("MA1930.2", "MA1102.3")
)

if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38")) {
    genome_build <- BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
    distances_df <- get_df_distances(input, motifs, genome_build)
    print(distances_df)
}
}

---

Get dataframe with bootstrapped motif-summit distances

Description

Wrapper for 'MotifPeeker::bootstrap_distances' to get bootstrapped motif-summit distances for given peaks and motifs, generating a data.frame suitable for plots.

Usage

get_df_distances_bootstrapped(
  result,
  user_motifs,
  genome_build,
  samples_n = NULL,
  samples_len = NULL,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

result	A list with the following elements: peaks A list of peak files generated using read_peak_file. alignments A list of alignment files. exp_type A character vector of experiment types. exp_labels A character vector of experiment labels. read_count A numeric vector of read counts. peak_count A numeric vector of peak counts.
user_motifs	A list with the following elements: motifs A list of motif files. motif_labels A character vector of motif labels.
genome_build	A character string with the abbreviated genome build name, or a BSGenome object. Check check_genome_build details for genome builds which can be imported as abbreviated names.
samples_n	An integer specifying the number of bootstrap samples to generate. If NULL, it is set to 70% of the number of peaks.
samples_len	An integer specifying the number of peaks to sample in each bootstrap iteration. If NULL, it is set to 20 peaks.
out_dir	A character vector of output directory.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object enabling parallel execution. (default = SerialParam(), single-CPU run) Following are two examples of how to set up parallel processing: BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(4): Uses 4 CPU cores for parallel processing. library("BiocParallel") followed by register(MulticoreParam(4)) sets all subsequent BiocParallel functions to use 4 CPU cores. Motifpeeker() must be run with BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(). IMPORTANT: For each worker, please ensure a minimum of 8GB of memory (RAM) is available as motif_discovery is memory-intensive.
meme_path	path to ⁠meme/bin/⁠ (optional). Defaut: NULL, searches "MEME_PATH" environment variable or "meme_path" option for path to "meme/bin/".
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A data.frame with the following columns:

exp_label

Experiment labels.

exp_type

Experiment types.

motif_indice

Motif indices.

bootstrap_iteration

Bootstrap iteration number.

distance

Mean of absolute distances between peak summit and motif.

See Also

Other generate data.frames: get_df_distances(), get_df_enrichment()

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    peak <- system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_peaks.narrowPeak",
                package = "MotifPeeker") |>
                read_peak_file() |>
                sample(20)
    motif_MA1102.3 <- system.file("extdata", "motif_MA1102.3.jaspar",
                package = "MotifPeeker") |> read_motif_file()
    motif_MA1930.2 <- system.file("extdata", "motif_MA1930.2.jaspar",
                package = "MotifPeeker") |> read_motif_file()

    input <- list(
        peaks = peak,
        exp_type = "ChIP",
        exp_labels = "CTCF",
        read_count = 150,
        peak_count = 100
    )
    motifs <- list(
        motifs = list(motif_MA1930.2, motif_MA1102.3),
        motif_labels = list("MA1930.2", "MA1102.3")
    )
                
    if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38")) {
        genome_build <-
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
            
        distances_df_bootstrapped <- get_df_distances_bootstrapped(
            input,
            user_motifs = motifs,
            genome_build = genome_build,
            samples_n = NULL,
            samples_len = NULL,
            verbose = FALSE
        )
        print(distances_df_bootstrapped)
    }
}

---

Get dataframe with motif enrichment values

Description

Wrapper for 'MotifPeeker::motif_enrichment' to get motif enrichment counts and percentages for all peaks and motifs, generating a data.frame suitable for plots. The data.frame contains values for all and segregated peaks.

Usage

get_df_enrichment(
  result,
  segregated_peaks,
  user_motifs,
  genome_build,
  reference_index = 1,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

result	A list with the following elements: peaks A list of peak files generated using read_peak_file. alignments A list of alignment files. exp_type A character vector of experiment types. exp_labels A character vector of experiment labels. read_count A numeric vector of read counts. peak_count A numeric vector of peak counts.
segregated_peaks	A list object generated using segregate_seqs.
user_motifs	A list with the following elements: motifs A list of motif files. motif_labels A character vector of motif labels.
genome_build	A character string with the abbreviated genome build name, or a BSGenome object. Check check_genome_build details for genome builds which can be imported as abbreviated names.
reference_index	An integer specifying the index of the peak file to use as the reference dataset for comparison. Indexing starts from 1. (default = 1)
out_dir	A character vector of output directory.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object enabling parallel execution. (default = SerialParam(), single-CPU run) Following are two examples of how to set up parallel processing: BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(4): Uses 4 CPU cores for parallel processing. library("BiocParallel") followed by register(MulticoreParam(4)) sets all subsequent BiocParallel functions to use 4 CPU cores. Motifpeeker() must be run with BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(). IMPORTANT: For each worker, please ensure a minimum of 8GB of memory (RAM) is available as motif_discovery is memory-intensive.
meme_path	path to ⁠meme/bin/⁠ (optional). Defaut: NULL, searches "MEME_PATH" environment variable or "meme_path" option for path to "meme/bin/".
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A data.frame with the following columns:

exp_label

Experiment labels.

exp_type

Experiment types.

motif_indice

Motif indices.

group1

Segregated group- "all", "Common" or "Unique".

group2

"reference" or "comparison" group.

count_enriched

Number of peaks with motif.

count_nonenriched

Number of peaks without motif.

perc_enriched

Percentage of peaks with motif.

perc_nonenriched

Percentage of peaks without motif.

See Also

Other generate data.frames: get_df_distances(), get_df_distances_bootstrapped()

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
    data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
    data("motif_MA1102.3", package = "MotifPeeker")
    data("motif_MA1930.2", package = "MotifPeeker")
    input <- list(
        peaks = list(CTCF_ChIP_peaks, CTCF_TIP_peaks),
        exp_type = c("ChIP", "TIP"),
        exp_labels = c("CTCF_ChIP", "CTCF_TIP"),
        read_count = c(150, 200),
        peak_count = c(100, 120)
    )
    segregated_input <- segregate_seqs(input$peaks[[1]], input$peaks[[2]])
    motifs <- list(
        motifs = list(motif_MA1930.2, motif_MA1102.3),
        motif_labels = list("MA1930.2", "MA1102.3")
    )
    reference_index <- 1

    if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38")) {
        genome_build <-
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
    
        enrichment_df <- get_df_enrichment(
            input, segregated_input, motifs, genome_build,
            reference_index = 1
        )
    }
}

---

Download JASPAR CORE database

Description

Downloads JASPAR CORE database in meme format for all available taxonomic groups. Uses BiocFileCache to cache downloads.

Usage

get_JASPARCORE(verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

verbose

A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Value

A character string specifying the path to the downloaded file (meme format).

Examples

get_JASPARCORE()

---

Calculate motif enrichment in a set of sequences

Description

motif_enrichment() calculates motif enrichment relative to a set of background sequences using Analysis of Motif Enrichment (AME) from memes-package.

Usage

motif_enrichment(
  peak_input,
  motif,
  genome_build,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  verbose = FALSE,
  meme_path = NULL,
  ...
)

Arguments

peak_input	Either a path to the narrowPeak file or a GRanges peak object generated by read_peak_file().
motif	An object of class universalmotif.
genome_build	The genome build that the peak sequences should be derived from.
out_dir	Location to save the 0-order background file along with the AME output files.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
meme_path	path to "meme/bin/" (default: NULL). Will use default search behavior as described in check_meme_install() if unset.
...	Arguments passed on to memes::runAme method default: fisher (allowed values: fisher, ranksum, pearson, spearman, 3dmhg, 4dmhg) sequences logical(1) add results from sequences.tsv to sequences list column to returned data.frame. Valid only if method = "fisher". See AME outputs webpage for more information (Default: FALSE). silent whether to suppress stdout (default: TRUE), useful for debugging.

Value

A list containing a AME results data frame and a numeric referring to the proportion of peaks with a motif.

See Also

runAme

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
    data("motif_MA1102.3", package = "MotifPeeker")

    res <- motif_enrichment(
        peak_input = CTCF_TIP_peaks,
        motif = motif_MA1102.3,
        genome_build =
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38,
        
    )
    print(res)
}

---

Example CTCFL JASPAR motif file

Description

The motif file contains the JASPAR motif for CTCFL (MA1102.3) for Homo Sapiens. This is one of the two motif files used to demonstrate MotifPeeker's known-motif analysis functionality.

Usage

data("motif_MA1102.3")

Format

An object of class universalmotif of length 1.

Source

JASPAR Matrix ID: MA1102.3

---

Example CTCF JASPAR motif file

Description

The motif file contains the JASPAR motif for CTCF (MA1930.2) for Homo Sapiens. This is one of the two motif files used to demonstrate MotifPeeker's known-motif analysis functionality.

Usage

data("motif_MA1930.2")

Format

An object of class universalmotif of length 1.

Source

JASPAR Matrix ID: MA1930.2

---

Compare motifs from segregated sequences

Description

Compute motif similarity scores between motifs discovered from segregated sequences. Wrapper around compare_motifs to compare motifs from different groups of sequences. To see the possible similarity measures available, refer to details.

Usage

motif_similarity(
  streme_out,
  method = "PCC",
  normalise.scores = TRUE,
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam(),
  ...
)

Arguments

streme_out	Output from denovo_motifs.
method	character(1) One of PCC, EUCL, SW, KL, ALLR, BHAT, HELL, SEUCL, MAN, ALLR_LL, WEUCL, WPCC. See details.
normalise.scores	logical(1) Favour alignments which leave fewer unaligned positions, as well as alignments between motifs of similar length. Similarity scores are multiplied by the ratio of aligned positions to the total number of positions in the larger motif, and the inverse for distance scores.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object specifying run parameters. (default = bpparam())
...	Arguments passed on to universalmotif::compare_motifs motifs See convert_motifs() for acceptable motif formats. compare.to numeric If missing, compares all motifs to all other motifs. Otherwise compares all motifs to the specified motif(s). db.scores data.frame or DataFrame. See details. use.freq numeric(1). For comparing the multifreq slot. use.type character(1) One of 'PPM' and 'ICM'. The latter allows for taking into account the background frequencies if relative_entropy = TRUE. Note that 'ICM' is not allowed when method = c("ALLR", "ALLR_LL"). tryRC logical(1) Try the reverse complement of the motifs as well, report the best score. min.overlap numeric(1) Minimum overlap required when aligning the motifs. Setting this to a number higher then the width of the motifs will not allow any overhangs. Can also be a number between 0 and 1, representing the minimum fraction that the motifs must overlap. min.mean.ic numeric(1) Minimum mean information content between the two motifs for an alignment to be scored. This helps prevent scoring alignments between low information content regions of two motifs. Note that this can result in some comparisons failing if no alignment passes the mean IC threshold. Use average_ic() to filter out low IC motifs to get around this if you want to avoid getting NAs in your output. min.position.ic numeric(1) Minimum information content required between individual alignment positions for it to be counted in the final alignment score. It is recommended to use this together with normalise.scores = TRUE, as this will help punish scores resulting from only a fraction of an alignment. relative_entropy logical(1) Change the ICM calculation affecting min.position.ic and min.mean.ic. See convert_type(). max.p numeric(1) Maximum P-value allowed in reporting matches. Only used if compare.to is set. max.e numeric(1) Maximum E-value allowed in reporting matches. Only used if compare.to is set. The E-value is the P-value multiplied by the number of input motifs times two. nthreads numeric(1) Run compare_motifs() in parallel with nthreads threads. nthreads = 0 uses all available threads. score.strat character(1) How to handle column scores calculated from motif alignments. "sum": add up all scores. "a.mean": take the arithmetic mean. "g.mean": take the geometric mean. "median": take the median. "wa.mean", "wg.mean": weighted arithmetic/geometric mean. "fzt": Fisher Z-transform. Weights are the total information content shared between aligned columns. output.report character(1) Provide a filename for compare_motifs() to write an html ouput report to. The top matches are shown alongside figures of the match alignments. This requires the knitr and rmarkdown packages. (Note: still in development.) output.report.max.print numeric(1) Maximum number of top matches to print.

Details

Available metrics

The following metrics are available:

• Euclidean distance (EUCL) (Choi et al. 2004)

• Weighted Euclidean distance (WEUCL)

• Kullback-Leibler divergence (KL) (Kullback and Leibler 1951; Roepcke et al. 2005)

• Hellinger distance (HELL) (Hellinger 1909)

• Squared Euclidean distance (SEUCL)

• Manhattan distance (MAN)

• Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC)

• Weighted Pearson correlation coefficient (WPCC)

• Sandelin-Wasserman similarity (SW), or sum of squared distances (Sandelin and Wasserman 2004)

• Average log-likelihood ratio (ALLR) (Wang and Stormo 2003)

• Lower limit ALLR (ALLR_LL) (Mahony et al. 2007)

• Bhattacharyya coefficient (BHAT) (Bhattacharyya 1943)

Comparisons are calculated between two motifs at a time. All possible alignments are scored, and the best score is reported. In an alignment scores are calculated individually between columns. How those scores are combined to generate the final alignment scores depends on score.strat.

See the "Motif comparisons and P-values" vignette for a description of the various metrics. Note that PCC, WPCC, SW, ALLR, ALLR_LL and BHAT are similarities; higher values mean more similar motifs. For the remaining metrics, values closer to zero represent more similar motifs.

Small pseudocounts are automatically added when one of the following methods is used: KL, ALLR, ALLR_LL, IS. This is avoid zeros in the calculations.

Calculating P-values

To note regarding p-values: P-values are pre-computed using the make_DBscores() function. If not given, then uses a set of internal precomputed P-values from the JASPAR2018 CORE motifs. These precalculated scores are dependent on the length of the motifs being compared. This takes into account that comparing small motifs with larger motifs leads to higher scores, since the probability of finding a higher scoring alignment is higher.

The default P-values have been precalculated for regular DNA motifs. They are of little use for motifs with a different number of alphabet letters (or even the multifreq slot).

Value

A list of matrices containing the similarity scores between motifs from different groups of sequences. The order of comparison is as follows, with first element representing the rows and second element representing the columns of the matrix:

• 1. Common motifs comparison: Common seqs from reference (1) <-> comparison (2)

• 2. Unique motifs comparison: Unique seqs from reference (1) <-> comparison (2)

• 3. Cross motifs comparison 1: Unique seqs from reference (1) <-> comparison (1)

• 4. Cross motifs comparison 2: Unique seqs from comparison (2) <-> reference (1)

The list is repeated for each set of comparison groups in input.

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
    data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")

    if (requireNamespace("BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38")) {
        genome_build <-
            BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
        segregated_peaks <- segregate_seqs(CTCF_TIP_peaks, CTCF_ChIP_peaks)
        denovo_motifs <- denovo_motifs(unlist(segregated_peaks),
                            trim_seq_width = 50,
                            genome_build = genome_build,
                            discover_motifs_count = 1,
                            filter_n = 6,
                            maxw = 8,
                            minw = 8,
                            out_dir = tempdir())
        similarity_matrices <- motif_similarity(denovo_motifs)
        print(similarity_matrices)
    }
}

---

Benchmark epigenomic profiling methods using motif enrichment

Description

This function compares different epigenomic datasets using motif enrichment as the key metric. The output is an easy-to-interpret HTML document with the results. The report contains three main sections: (1) General Metrics on peak and alignment files (if provided), (2) Known Motif Enrichment Analysis and (3) Discovered Motif Enrichment Analysis.

Usage

MotifPeeker(
  peak_files,
  reference_index = 1,
  alignment_files = NULL,
  exp_labels = NULL,
  exp_type = NULL,
  genome_build,
  motif_files = NULL,
  motif_labels = NULL,
  cell_counts = NULL,
  distance_bootstrap = TRUE,
  bootstrap_n = 500,
  bootstrap_len = NULL,
  motif_discovery = TRUE,
  motif_discovery_count = 3,
  filter_n = 6,
  trim_seq_width = NULL,
  motif_db = NULL,
  download_buttons = TRUE,
  meme_path = NULL,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  save_runfiles = FALSE,
  display = if (interactive()) "browser",
  BPPARAM = BiocParallel::SerialParam(),
  quiet = TRUE,
  debug = FALSE,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

peak_files	A character vector of path to peak files, or a vector of GRanges objects generated using read_peak_file. Currently, peak files from the following peak-calling tools are supported: MACS2: .narrowPeak files SEACR: .bed files ENCODE file IDs can also be provided to automatically fetch peak file(s) from the ENCODE database.
reference_index	An integer specifying the index of the peak file to use as the reference dataset for comparison. Indexing starts from 1. (default = 1)
alignment_files	A character vector of path to alignment files, or a vector of BamFile objects. (optional) Alignment files are used to calculate read-related metrics like FRiP score. ENCODE file IDs can also be provided to automatically fetch alignment file(s) from the ENCODE database.
exp_labels	A character vector of labels for each peak file. (optional) If not provided, capital letters will be used as labels in the report.
exp_type	A character vector of experimental types for each peak file. (optional) Useful for comparison of different methods. If not provided, all datasets will be classified as "unknown" experiment types in the report. Supported experimental types are: chipseq: ChIP-seq data tipseq: TIP-seq data cuttag: CUT&Tag data cutrun: CUT&Run data exp_type is used only for labelling. It does not affect the analysis. You can also input custom strings. Datasets will be grouped as long as they match their respective exp_type.
genome_build	A character string with the abbreviated genome build name, or a BSGenome object. Check check_genome_build details for genome builds which can be imported as abbreviated names.
motif_files	A character vector of path to motif files, or a vector of universalmotif-class objects. (optional) Required to run Known Motif Enrichment Analysis. JASPAR matrix IDs can also be provided to automatically fetch motifs from the JASPAR.
motif_labels	A character vector of labels for each motif file. (optional) Only used if path to file names are passed in motif_files. If not provided, the motif file names will be used as labels.
cell_counts	An integer vector of experiment cell counts for each peak file. (optional) Creates additional comparisons based on cell counts.
distance_bootstrap	A logical indicating whether to perform bootstrap analysis for motif-peak summit distances. (default = TRUE) If FALSE, a single distribution of distances will be calculated for each experiment-motif pair without bootstrapping.
bootstrap_n	An integer specifying the number of bootstrap samples to generate. (default = 500) If NULL, a value of 0.7 x number of peaks in the smallest peakset will be used (or if this value is less than 100, use 100).
bootstrap_len	An integer specifying the length of sequences to sample in each bootstrap iteration. (default = NULL) If NULL, a value of 0.2 x number of peaks in the smallest peakset will be used (or if this value is less than 10, use 10).
motif_discovery	A logical indicating whether to perform motif discovery for the third section of the report. (default = TRUE)
motif_discovery_count	An integer specifying the number of motifs to discover. (default = 3) Note that higher values take longer to compute.
filter_n	An integer specifying the number of consecutive nucleotide repeats a discovered motif must contain to be filtered out. (default = 6)
trim_seq_width	An integer specifying the width of the sequence to extract around the summit (default = NULL). This sequence is used to search for discovered motifs. If not provided, the entire peak region will be used. This parameter is intended to reduce the search space and speed up motif discovery; therefore, a value less than the average peak width is recommended. Peaks are trimmed symmetrically around the summit while respecting the peak bounds.
motif_db	Path to .meme format file to use as reference database, or a list of universalmotif-class objects. (optional) Results from de-novo motif discovery are searched against this database to find similar motifs. If not provided, JASPAR CORE database will be used. NOTE: p-value estimates are inaccurate when the database has fewer than 50 entries.
download_buttons	A logical indicating whether to include download buttons for various files within the HTML report. (default = TRUE)
meme_path	path to ⁠meme/bin/⁠ (optional). Defaut: NULL, searches "MEME_PATH" environment variable or "meme_path" option for path to "meme/bin/".
out_dir	A character string specifying the directory to save the output files. (default = tempdir()) A sub-directory with the output files will be created in this directory.
save_runfiles	A logical indicating whether to save intermediate files generated during the run, such as those from FIMO and AME. (default = FALSE)
display	A character vector specifying the display mode for the HTML report once it is generated. (default = NULL) Options are: "browser": Open the report in the default web browser. "rstudio": Open the report in the RStudio Viewer. NULL: Do not open the report.
BPPARAM	A BiocParallelParam-class object enabling parallel execution. (default = SerialParam(), single-CPU run) Following are two examples of how to set up parallel processing: BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(4): Uses 4 CPU cores for parallel processing. library("BiocParallel") followed by register(MulticoreParam(4)) sets all subsequent BiocParallel functions to use 4 CPU cores. Motifpeeker() must be run with BPPARAM = BiocParallel::MulticoreParam(). IMPORTANT: For each worker, please ensure a minimum of 8GB of memory (RAM) is available as motif_discovery is memory-intensive.
quiet	A logical indicating whether to print markdown knit messages. (default = FALSE)
debug	A logical indicating whether to print debug/error messages in the HTML report. (default = FALSE)
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)

Details

Runtime guidance: For 4 datasets, the runtime is approximately 3 minutes with motif_discovery disabled. However, motif discovery can take hours to complete. To make computation faster, we highly recommend tuning the following arguments:

BPPARAM=MulticoreParam(x)

Running motif discovery in parallel can significantly reduce runtime, but it is very memory-intensive, consuming 10+GB of RAM per thread. Memory starvation can greatly slow the process, so set the number of cores with caution.

motif_discovery_count

The number of motifs to discover per sequence group exponentially increases runtime. We recommend no more than 5 motifs to make a meaningful inference.

trim_seq_width

Trimming sequences before running motif discovery can significantly reduce the search space. Sequence length can exponentially increase runtime. We recommend running the script with motif_discovery = FALSE and studying the motif-summit distance distribution under general metrics to find the sequence length that captures most motifs. A good starting point is 150 but it can be reduced further if appropriate.

Value

Path to the output directory.

Note

Running motif discovery is computationally expensive and can require from minutes to hours. denovo_motifs can widely affect the runtime (higher values take longer). Setting trim_seq_width to a lower value can also reduce the runtime significantly.

Examples

peaks <- list(
    system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_peaks.narrowPeak",
                package = "MotifPeeker"),
    system.file("extdata", "CTCF_TIP_peaks.narrowPeak",
                package = "MotifPeeker")
)

alignments <- list(
    system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_alignment.bam",
                package = "MotifPeeker"),
    system.file("extdata", "CTCF_TIP_alignment.bam",
                package = "MotifPeeker")
)

motifs <- list(
    system.file("extdata", "motif_MA1930.2.jaspar",
                package = "MotifPeeker"),
    system.file("extdata", "motif_MA1102.3.jaspar",
                package = "MotifPeeker")
)

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
    MotifPeeker(
        peak_files = peaks,
        reference_index = 2,
        alignment_files = alignments,
        exp_labels = c("ChIP", "TIP"),
        exp_type = c("chipseq", "tipseq"),
        genome_build = "hg38",
        motif_files = motifs,
        motif_labels = NULL,
        cell_counts = NULL,
        distance_bootstrap = TRUE,
        bootstrap_n = 2,
        bootstrap_len = 40,
        motif_discovery = TRUE,
        motif_discovery_count = 2,
        motif_db = NULL,
        download_buttons = TRUE,
        out_dir = tempdir(),
        debug = FALSE,
        quiet = TRUE,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
}

---

Read a motif file

Description

read_motif_file() reads a motif file and converts to a PWM. The function supports multiple motif formats, including "homer", "jaspar", "meme", "transfac" and "uniprobe".

Usage

read_motif_file(motif_file, file_format = "auto", verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

motif_file	Path to a motif file or a universalmotif-class object.
file_format	Character string specifying the format of the motif file. The options are "homer", "jaspar", "meme", "transfac" and "uniprobe"
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print messages.

Value

A universalmotif motif object.

Examples

motif_file <- system.file("extdata",
                          "motif_MA1930.2.jaspar",
                          package = "MotifPeeker")
res <- read_motif_file(motif_file = motif_file,
                       file_format = "jaspar")
print(res)

---

Read MACS2/3 narrowPeak or SEACR BED peak file

Description

This function reads a MACS2/3 narrowPeak or SEACR BED peak file and returns a GRanges object with the peak coordinates and summit.

Usage

read_peak_file(peak_file, file_format = "auto", verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

peak_file	A character string with the path to the peak file, or a GRanges object created using read_peak_file().
file_format	A character string specifying the format of the peak file. "narrowpeak": MACS2/3 narrowPeak format. "bed": SEACR BED format.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print messages.

Details

The summit column is the absolute genomic position of the peak, which is relative to the start position of the sequence range. For SEACR BED files, the summit column is calculated as the midpoint of the max signal region.

Value

A GRanges-class object with the peak coordinates and summit.

See Also

GRanges-class for more information on GRanges objects.

Examples

macs3_peak_file <- system.file("extdata", "CTCF_ChIP_peaks.narrowPeak",
package = "MotifPeeker")
macs3_peak_read <- read_peak_file(macs3_peak_file)
macs3_peak_read

---

Minimally save a peak object to a file (BED4)

Description

This function saves a peak object to a file in BED4 format. The included columns are: chr, start, end, and name. Since no strand data is being included, it is recommended to use this function only for peak objects that do not have strand information.

Usage

save_peak_file(
  peak_obj,
  save = TRUE,
  filename = random_string(10),
  out_dir = tempdir()
)

Arguments

peak_obj	A GRanges object with the peak coordinates. Must include columns: seqnames, start, end, and name.
save	A logical indicating whether to save the peak object to a file.
filename	A character string of the file name. If the file extension is not .bed, a warning is issued and the extension is appended. Alternatively, if the file name does not have an extension, .bed is appended. (default = random string)
out_dir	A character string of the output directory. (default = tempdir())

Value

If save = FALSE, a data frame with the peak coordinates. If save = TRUE, the path to the saved file.

Examples

data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")

out <- save_peak_file(CTCF_ChIP_peaks, save = TRUE, "test_peak_file.bed")
print(out)

---

Segregate input sequences into common and unique groups

Description

This function takes two sets of sequences and segregates them into common and unique sequences. The common sequences are sequences that are present in both sets of sequences. The unique sequences are sequences that are present in only one of the sets of sequences.

Usage

segregate_seqs(seqs1, seqs2)

Arguments

seqs1	A set of sequences (GRanges object)
seqs2	A set of sequences (GRanges object)

Details

Sequences are considered common if their base pairs align in any position, even if they vary in length. Consequently, while the number of common sequences remains consistent between both sets, but the length and composition of these sequences may differ. As a result, the function returns distinct sets of common sequences for each input set of sequences.

Value

A list containing the common sequences and unique sequences for each set of sequences. The list contains the following GRanges objects:

• common_seqs1: Common sequences in seqs1

• common_seqs2: Common sequences in seqs2

• unique_seqs1: Unique sequences in seqs1

• unique_seqs2: Unique sequences in seqs2

See Also

findOverlaps

Examples

data("CTCF_ChIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")

seqs1 <- CTCF_ChIP_peaks
seqs2 <- CTCF_TIP_peaks
res <- segregate_seqs(seqs1, seqs2)
print(res)

---

Calculate the distance between peak summits and motifs

Description

summit_to_motif() calculates the distance between each motif and its nearest peak summit. runFimo from the memes package is used to recover the locations of each motif.

Usage

summit_to_motif(
  peak_input,
  motif,
  fp_rate = 0.05,
  genome_build,
  out_dir = tempdir(),
  meme_path = NULL,
  verbose = FALSE,
  ...
)

Arguments

peak_input	Either a path to the narrowPeak file or a GRanges peak object generated by read_peak_file().
motif	An object of class universalmotif.
fp_rate	The desired false-positive rate. A p-value threshold will be selected based on this value. The default false-positive rate is 0.05.
genome_build	The genome build that the peak sequences should be derived from.
out_dir	Location to save the 0-order background file. By default, the background file will be written to a temporary directory.
meme_path	path to "meme/bin/" (default: NULL). Will use default search behavior as described in check_meme_install() if unset.
verbose	A logical indicating whether to print verbose messages while running the function. (default = FALSE)
...	Arguments passed on to memes::runFimo parse_genomic_coord logical(1) whether to parse genomic position from fasta headers. Fasta headers must be UCSC format positions (ie "chr:start-end"), but base 1 indexed (GRanges format). If names of fasta entries are genomic coordinates and parse_genomic_coord == TRUE, results will contain genomic coordinates of motif matches, otherwise FIMO will return relative coordinates (i.e. positions from 1 to length of the fasta entry). skip_matched_sequence logical(1) whether or not to include the DNA sequence of the match. Default: FALSE. Note: jobs will complete faster if set to TRUE. add_sequence() can be used to lookup the sequence after data import if parse_genomic_coord is TRUE, so setting this flag is not strictly needed. max_strand if match is found on both strands, only report strand with best match (default: TRUE). text logical(1) (default: TRUE). No output files will be created on the filesystem. The results are unsorted and no q-values are computed. This setting allows fast searches on very large inputs. When set to FALSE FIMO will discard 50% of the lower significance matches if >100,000 matches are detected. text = FALSE will also incur a performance penalty because it must first read a file to disk, then read it into memory. For these reasons, I suggest keeping text = TRUE. silent logical(1) whether to suppress stdout/stderr printing to console (default: TRUE). If the command is failing or giving unexpected output, setting silent = FALSE can aid troubleshooting.

Details

To calculate the p-value threshold for a desired false-positive rate, we use the approximate formula:

$p \approx \frac{fp\_rate}{2 \times \text{average peak width}}$

(Dervied from FIMO documentation)

Value

A list containing an expanded GRanges peak object with metadata columns relating to motif positions along with a vector of summit-to-motif distances for each valid peak.

See Also

runAme

Examples

if (memes::meme_is_installed()) {
data("CTCF_TIP_peaks", package = "MotifPeeker")
data("motif_MA1102.3", package = "MotifPeeker")

res <- summit_to_motif(
    peak_input = CTCF_TIP_peaks,
    motif = motif_MA1102.3,
    fp_rate = 5e-02,
    genome_build = BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38
)
print(res)
}

---