Motivation and Necessity

To date, thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with complex traits and diseases. However, the vast majority of these disease-associated SNPs lie in the non-coding part of the genome, and are likely to affect regulatory elements, such as enhancers and promoters, rather than the function of a protein. Thus, to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic traits and diseases, it becomes increasingly important to study the effect of a SNP on nearby molecular traits such as chromatin environment or transcription factor (TF) binding. Towards this aim, we developed SNPhood, a user-friendly Bioconductor [9] R package to investigate, quantify and visualize the local epigenetic neighborhood of a set of SNPs in terms of chromatin marks, TF binding sites using data from NGS experiments. SNPhood comprises a set of easy-to-use functions to extract, normalize and quantify reads for a genomic region, perform data quality checks, normalize read counts using input files, to investigate the binding pattern using unsupervised clustering. In addition, SNPhood can be employed for identifying and visualizing allele-specific binding patterns around SNPs using a robust permutation based FDR procedure. The regions around each SNP can be binned in a user-defined fashion to allow for analyses ranging from very broad regions to highly detailed investigation of specific binding shapes. Importantly, SNPhood supports the integration with genotype information to investigate and visualize genotype-specific binding patterns.

Package scope and limitations

In this section, we want explicitly mention the designated scope of the SNPhood package, its limitations and additional / companion packages that may be used subsequently or beforehand.

First, let’s be clear what SNPhood is NOT:

• SNPhood is NOT a peak caller of ChIP-Seq datasets and works in an orthogonal manner instead. See below for more details and differences.
• SNPhood is NOT a tool for proper or designated quality control (QC) of ChIP-Seq datasets and offers only rudimentary QC. For more details and a designated discussion about this issue, see here.
• SNPhood is NOT a tool for the discovery of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). For QTL discovery, designated tools such as WASP [13] or MatrixEQTL [14] are available.

Instead, SNPhood aims to fill an existing gap for an increasingly common task: Current workflows for analyzing ChIP-Seq data typically involve peak calling, which summarizes the signal of each binding event into two numbers: enrichment and peak size, and usually neglects additional factors like binding shape. However, when a set of regions of interest (ROI) is already at hand - e.g. GWAS SNPs, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), etc. - a comprehensive and unbiased analysis of the molecular neighborhood of these regions, potentially in combination with allele-specific (AS) binding analyses will be more suited to investigate the underlying (epi-)genomic regulatory mechanisms than simply comparing peak sizes. Currently, such analyses are often carried out “by hand” using basic NGS tools and genome-browser like interfaces to visualize molecular phenotype data independently for each ROI. A tool for systematic analysis of the local molecular neighborhood of regions of interest is currently lacking. SNPhood fills this gap to investigate, quantify, and visualize the local epigenetic neighborhood of regions of interest using chromatin or TF binding data from NGS experiments. It provides a set of tools that are largely complimentary to currently existing software for analyzing ChIP-Seq data.

SNPhood object and object validity

SNPhood creates and returns object of type SNPhood. They are designed to be easy to work with, and all information can be extracted using a small set of functions. See the Workflow vignette and the function documentation for details. If you receive an error message that a particular (potentially older) SNPhood object is not valid, please contact me, and I will help you to change it. This is very likely to be related due to slight changes during the development of SNPhood, and we apaologize for any inconveniance.

Plots

All plots are generated with ggplot2 [8] and are either saved directly in the SNPhood object that serves as input for the respective plotting function or returned by the function so that users can modify and replot them as desired. See the help pages of the plotting functions for details. To edit plots, save them in a variable (e.g., plot = plotBinCounts(…)) and either edit them directly by modifying the internal structure of the ggplot list object (e.g., plot$labels$colour = “NEW LEGEND LABEL” to change the legend label) or by adding features in the usual ggplot style, such as plot + geom_lines(…) .

Parameters

SNPhood requires a number of parameters that are specified in a named list that is needed for the execution of the main function analyzeSNPhood. A default parameter list can be obtained by calling the function getDefaultParameterList.

We explain the supported parameters in more detail in the section Parameters.

Input files

SNPhood supports files in BAM format. All BAM files must contain aligned reads and a valid header with, for example, chromosome names and read groups (if applicable). If a corresponding index file with the file ending .bai does not exist for a particular BAM file, it will be created during execution of the main function.

Note that if you already have your BAM files represented in an object of class BamFile or BamFileList from the Rsamtools package, this can easily be integrated into the SNPhood framework. See the help pages of the function collectFiles for details.

Quality control (QC)

As discussed above, SNPhood is not suitable for ChIP-Seq QC. It is important to assess potential biases such as GC, mapping, contamination or other biases beforehand using dedicated tools both within and outside the Bioconductor framework. Example packages from Bioconductor include htSeqTools, ChIPQC, similaRpeak or chipseq (see Bioconductor for a complete list). Alternatively, external software such as FASTQC [11] or Chance [12] may also be used.

Nevertheless, SNPhood offers some rudimentary QC mechanisms that accompany designated QC tools:

• the user can specifically decide which reads from the input files should be included based on their flags, thereby allowing to exclude reads with poor quality. For more details, see here.
• the designated QC function plotAndCalculateCorrelationDatasets may be used to identify datasets that are weakly correlated with other datasets given the user-defined regions of interest based on pairwise correlation of the raw read values (i.e., the number of reads that overlap each region of interest). For example, one would usually expect that the correlation coefficients are very high among replicate samples and relatively high among different samples as well if they are of the same cell type. For more details, see also the R help of the function and the workflow vignette.

Extending user regions and binning

The user-provided genomic positions can be extended symmetrically in both 5’ and 3’ direction to analyze their “neighborhood”. The extension size can be set with the parameter regionSize. As an example: for a SNP at position chr1:1000 and parameter regionSize set to 500, the region will be extended 500bp in both directions, yielding the region chr1:[500-1500] of length 500+1+500 = 1001.

To assess the binding pattern within each genomic region in more detail they can be binned in a user-defined fashion. The length of each bin is controled by the parameter binSize (see below). Note that for now each region is treated identically and it is not possible to use different binning schemes within one SNPhood object. Binning always starts at the position with the lowest genomic coordinate (i.e. left of the original position). So setting binSize to 100 for our example region above the bins will be: 500-599, 600-699, …, 1400-1499, 1500-1500. Note that in this particular case, the last bin is only 1 bp short (see next paragraph).

Since the last bin can be of a different size than the othes (depending on the values of the parameter combination regionSize and binSize) the parameter the user can specify how it should be treated by setting the parameter lastBinTreatment (see below for details). In the example given above, to maintain symmetry of the region with respect to the original user-defined position, it might be the most useful option to delete the last bin.

Read counts (and enrichment values, if applicable) are calculated specifically for each bin.

Read extraction

Read extraction for the binned user regions is done using the Rsamtools package. Noteworthy, for increased flexibility and in analogy to read extraction in the Rsamtools package, it is possible to extract only reads with particular BAM flags (e.g. not marked as PCR duplicate, passed quality controls, have a properly aligned mate, etc). Read flags can be set using the parameters starting with readFlag_ accordingly. In addition, the parameters strand, readGroupSpecific, readFlag_reverseComplement, and readFlag_simpleCigar allow additional control over which reads are returned (see the Rsamtools package and below for more details). If the parameter strand is set to sense or antisense and the original user regions have been specified strand-specifically, for example, reads are filtered according to the value of strand. For a graphical depiction, see also Figure 7.

Note that read extraction out of BAM files can be time-consuming, especially if the number of user regions is large or if a high number of reads overlap with the user regions.

Determination of SNP genotypes

For each SNP, the read-group (e.g. most commonly specifying whether a read was mapped to the maternal or paternal genome) specific genotype distribution can be determined (see Figure 8). To determine the genotype distribution, all reads overlapping the SNP positions are extracted from the BAM files and the genotype distribution is determined using the Biostrings package. The genotypes can then be used in various visualizations (see the different plot functions that the package provides) to detect a genotype-dependent pattern.

Normalization of reads counts and enrichment calculation

Raw read counts among datasets can be misleading and are difficult to compare. To make reads comparable across individuals, SNPhood currently provides two different normalization procedures:

1. Normalization using input DNA: this will correct not only across samples but also for the accessibility of a given region and will allow a comparison across regions. This method requires that input DNA has been sequenced deep enough to provide a decent coverage across the entire genome. It is analogous to the input normalization by commonly used peak callers such as MACS2 [7].
2. Normalization by library size: this will only correct for library size and thus allow a comparison across libraries. Note that a comparison across regions is not necessarily valid since regions can differ in their accessibility.

The following figure gives an overview of the two different normalization procedures and how they function:

Allelic bias tests

The function testForAllelicBiases performs a statistical test to test for allelic biases given the read counts of two read groups (e.g., maternal vs. paternal). The prerequisite for this type of analysis is that the reads have been reliably mapped to the paternal and maternal genome (e.g. as described in Kasowski et al. [4]).

To determine whether a given region shows an allelic bias, we perform a binomial test for each bin and use the lowest p-value for each region as a test statistic, which we compare to an empirical p-value distribution (described below). This ensures to select the bin with the most power (which often has the highest number of reads) to detect allelic bias. We emphasize that the obtained p-values should not be used as anything else than a test statistic.

To assess the significance of each region we implemented a permutation-based procedure to control the false discovery rate (FDR). In summary, we use the p-values from the binomial tests as a test statistic to calculate the FDR with a random background model. More specifically, for each bin, we generate an empirical p-value distribution by randomly but equally assigning each overlapping read to one of the two read groups, perform a binomial test and select the most significant p-value for each region. For a given p-value threshold the FDR is then calculated as the fraction of significant regions identified from the random by the total number of significant regions. Finally, we note that the FDR calculation is based on the full set of user regions. paste. This approach is conceptually similar to what was done in Alexandrov et al. 2013 [16], section “Statistical analysis of relationships between age and mutations”. Thus, because that overdispersion affects both our real and shuffled data, it is likely that our procedure is rather too pessimistic than too optimistic in discovering allelic bias.

As an output, the raw p-values (to be used as “scores”) from the binomial tests, estimates for the allelic fraction and corresponding confidence intervals are reported for each bin across all user regions. In addition, the corresponding FDR values for a user-defined set of p-values is also given that may then be used to select the regions based on a given FDR threshold.

SNPhood has originally been designed to analyze read profiles in a bin-wise fashion. Therefore, currently, the FDR calculation can only be performed if the number of bins per region is at least 5. For analyses with less than 5 bins, the raw p-values have to be corrected manually, for example with standard multiple testing corrections. Note, however, that potential overdispersion in the count data is not accounted for in such a case. We are currently thinking about a procedure that is more independent on the number of bins.

Genotype integration

We currently support two ways of integrating genotypes with user regions (e.g., SNPs):

1. Integrate the genotypes at the beginning when calling the function analyzeSNPhood by providing the necessary information in the column “genotypes”. For more details, see the help pages.
2. Integrate the genotype later, after the creation of the SNPhood object, by calling the function associateGenotypes. For more details, see the help pages.

For each dataset/individual in a SNPhood object, a file in VCF format may be used to associate genotypes for each SNP region. For more details on the VCF format, see here.

Parsing VCF files is done using the VariantAnnotation package, which supports both uncompressed and compressed (gzipped, file ending .gz) VCF files that comply with the VCF standard (e.g. as used by the 1000 Genomes Project [5]).

Matching is done by position rather than ID of the SNPs, and SNP positions from the SNPhood object not defined in the corresponding VCF file will have a genotype of NA. Non-matching rows from the VCF file are discarded and not imported. The column names (i.e., the IDs of the individuals to extract the genotypes from) must also be provided.

Clustering

SNPhood provides some clustering functionalities to cluster SNPs based on their local neighborhood. Clustering can be done on both counts or enrichment, dependent on the type of data stored in the SNPhood object. Data from any of the defined read groups and datasets can be used for this purpose.

The underlying clustering is done using partitioning around medoids (PAM), which is implemented in the cluster package. PAM clustering is more robust than k-means clustering as the algorithm minimizes the sum of dissimilarities instead of a sum of squared Euclidean distances.

To compare and cluster different datasets, and in particular, to compare the shape of binding across the different SNPs within one or several data sets, we implemented a standardization procedure across the bins for each SNP (i.e. subtracting the mean dividing by standard deviation for each SNP). This allows the investigation of the binding shape irrespective of the overall signal intensity.

Several plotting functions are available to investigate the clusters, see the help pages for details.

An additional feature that might be useful when performing clustering on several individuals is to group individuals for each SNP according to their genotype, which we divide into strong and weak genotypes. They are determined based on the signal obtained for the different genotypes (see help pages of the function calculateWeakAndStrongGenotype). One can then perform the clustering only on the signal averaged across all high-genotype individuals at each SNP to increase the signal to noise ratio (analogous to the analysis in Figure 6 in Grubert et al. [6]).

CPU time

First let’s focus on CPU time. The following parameters have the largest influence on CPU time:

• the number of CPUs (parameter nCores). Most of the time-consuming parts of SNPhood can be parallelized, and execution time is greatly reduced and linearly decreases with the number of CPUs used.
• the number of reads that are extracted from the input files. More reads generally increase the running time (see memory below for details on which parameters influence the number of reads)
• the binning scheme (parameter binSize). Binning involves determining for each read which bin it overlaps with, which is a time-consuming operation. Therefore, execution time is minimized when there is no binning (i.e., the value of the parameter binSize equals the full user regions: 2 x regionSize + 1 for the original user position). However, having only one bin also substantially limits the analyses possibilities, so make sure you understand the consequences.

Memory footprint

Now let’s take a closer look at memory. Due to the complexity of the data and the various parameters and their dependencies, it is not possible to establish a “formula” of how much memory is needed. However, the following parameters have the largest influence on the memory footprint:

• the number of reads that are extracted from the input files. This in fact is mostly influenced by:
  • the number of datasets. The higher the number of datasets, trivially, the higher the memory footprint. Similarly, if input normalization is enabled, this will also increase the memory footprint.
  • the number of user regions and the value of the parameter regionSize. The more user regions are used as input, the higher the memory footprint because for each overlapping read, some information has to be stored. Similarly, large values of the parameter regionSize result in more reads being extracted.
  • the number of reads stored in the corresponding input files. Analyses with BAM files containing a large number of reads will naturally occupy more memory than smaller BAM files.
  • the strictness of the read filters. Less stringent read filters will exclude less reads, therefore increasing the nubmer of reads that are extracted.
• the values of the parameters keepAllReadCounts and poolDatasets. The former is only relevant if replicates are defined and if set to TRUE, the memory footprint is higher. The latter decreases the memory footprint because multiple individuals are considered one meta-dataset with read count information being stored only once.
• the value of the parameter readGroupSpecific. More read groups increase the memory footprint because read count information is stored separately for each of them.
• the binning scheme (parameter binSize). If only one bin is required, the memory footprint is greatly reduced. Otherwise, the memory footprint increases with a more fine-tuned binning scheme because more reads overlap bins, which has to be recorded

Summary and rules of thumb

This all sounds terribly complicated, but here are a few rules of thumb:

• SNPhood can principally be used for population-sized epigenomic datasets. Normally, medium-sized analyses can be done with “regular” computers. That is, analyses involving up to 10,000 - 50,000 or so user regions with normal regionSize parameters (say 500) should run flawlessly and relatively fast, and we did successfully run complex analyses. The complexity of the underlying BAM files is less influential as compared to the pure number of user regions from our experience.
• Use multiple CPUs if available. Although not all parts of the code benefit from multiple CPUs, the running time can be greatly decreased by parallel execution.
• If you use replicates, keep the default value of keepAllReadCounts (FALSE) unless you need individual read counts for each replicate or treat all files as separate individuals altogether.
• Large analyses with >50,000 user regions, however, may occupy a lot of memory and CPU time, but this again depends on a few parameters, primarily the number of reads that overlap with the user regions. It might be a better idea to run multiple separate analyses instead. If you have questions regarding a big analysis you want to do, do not hesitate contacting us.

Performance options

nCores

Description: The number of cores that should be used for computationally demanding and parallelizable tasks: the more cores the smaller the total running time. However, note that the decrease in running time is not necessarily linear because not all computationally intensive tasks can be executed in parallel.

Valid values: any positive integer larger than 0 and smaller than the number of available cores

Default value: 1

keepAllReadCounts

Description: If TRUE all count matrices from datasets with the same individual ID will be stored within the SNPhood object after pooling datasets. This parameter is only relevant if the parameter poolDatasets is set to TRUE and will be ignored otherwise. Setting it to FALSE (the default) can save a considerable amount of space (decreased memory consumption) but makes it impossible to analyze and visualize read counts for the original datasets. This will only be possible for the pooled datasets, as given by their individual ID.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: FALSE

Normalization

normByInput

Description: If TRUE input normalization will be performed. This is highly recommended but requires that appropriate input files are available (e.g., a BAM file with input DNA reads).

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: TRUE

normAmongEachOther

Description: Only applicable when when analyzing multiple datasets. If TRUE all datasets will be normalized among each other, i.e. the read counts of all processed files will be normalized using the size factor normalization in the DeSeq2 package.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: TRUE

poolDatasets

Description: To maximize the power to detect allelic biases at particular sites, for example, multiple datasets can be pooled (i.e., combined) to a “meta” dataset. If set to TRUE, all datasets with the same individual ID are pooled and therefore are merged to one dataset (that is, their read counts are summed up). Biological replicates, for example, are typically pooled to increase the power to detect allelic biases.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: TRUE

Read retrieval options

strand

Description: Should reads be counted regardless of the strand from the original SNP position (“BOTH”), only if they are in sense direction to the region of interest (“SENSE”) or only antisense (“ANTISENSE”)? To retrieve reads regardless of the strand, use the option “both”. If the strand in the user regions file is not provided, or if it is “*” or “.”, reads will be retrieved regardless of the strand.

Valid values: SENSE or ANTISENSE or BOTH

Default value: BOTH

readGroupSpecific

Description: In BAM files, @RG tags can be defined, which allows grouping a set of reads from different experiments, alleles, origins, etc. Each read is associated with one specific read group. The parameter readGroupSpecific determines if read counts will be analyzed individually for each read group as specified in the BAM file. If set to TRUE, any input normalization will be turned off, and only read counts are returned but no enrichment due to the lack of input normalization. If set to FALSE, the defined read groups will be ignored and counts and enrichment are calculated regardless of the read group. This is particularly useful if read groups provide information about whether a read was mapped to the ‘maternal’ or ‘paternal’ genome, and required for allele-specific analyses.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_isPaired

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether unpaired (FALSE), paired (TRUE), or any (NA) read should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: TRUE

readFlag_isProperPair

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether improperly paired (FALSE), properly paired (TRUE), or any (NA) read should be returned. A properly paired read is defined by the alignment algorithm and might, e.g., represent reads aligning to identical reference sequences and with a specified distance. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: TRUE

readFlag_isUnmappedQuery

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether unmapped (TRUE), mapped (FALSE), or any (NA) read should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_hasUnmappedMate

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether reads with mapped (FALSE), unmapped (TRUE), or any (NA) mate should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_isMinusStrand

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether reads aligned to the plus (FALSE), minus (TRUE), or any (NA) strand should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: NA

readFlag_isMateMinusStrand

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether mate reads aligned to the plus (FALSE), minus (TRUE), or any (NA) strand should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: NA

readFlag_isFirstMateRead

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether the first mate read should be returned (TRUE) or not (FALSE), or whether mate read number should be ignored (NA). See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: NA

readFlag_isSecondMateRead

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether the second mate read should be returned (TRUE) or not (FALSE), or whether mate read number should be ignored (NA). See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: NA

readFlag_isNotPrimaryRead

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether alignments that are primary (FALSE), are not primary (TRUE) or whose primary status does not matter (NA) should be returned. A non-primary alignment (“secondary alignment” in the SAM specification) might result when a read aligns to multiple locations. One alignment is designated as primary and has this flag set to FALSE; the remainder, for which this flag is TRUE, are designated by the aligner as secondary. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_isNotPassingQualityControls

Description: A logical(1) indicating whether reads passing quality controls (FALSE), reads not passing quality controls (TRUE), or any (NA) read should be returned. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_isDuplicate

Description: logical(1) indicating that un-duplicated (FALSE), duplicated (TRUE), or any (NA) reads should be returned. ‘Duplicated’ reads may represent PCR or optical duplicates. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE or NA

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_minMapQ

Description: A non-negative integer(1) specifying the minimum mapping quality to include. BAM records with mapping qualities less than this value are discarded.. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: any non-negative integer. Nothing is filtered with the default value of 0.

Default value: 0

readFlag_reverseComplement

Description: A logical(1) vectors. BAM files store reads mapping to the minus strand as though they are on the plus strand. Rsamtools obeys this convention by default (reverseComplement=FALSE), but when this value is set to TRUE returns the sequence and quality scores of reads mapped to the minus strand in the reverse complement (sequence) and reverse (quality) of the read as stored in the BAM file. This might be useful if wishing to recover read and quality scores as represented in fastq files, but is NOT appropriate for variant calling or other alignment-based operations. See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: FALSE

readFlag_simpleCigar

Description: A logical(1) vector which, when TRUE, returns only those reads for which the cigar (run-length encoded representation of the alignment) is missing or contains only matches / mismatches (‘M’). See the Rsamtools package in R for more information.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: FALSE

User regions options

path_userRegions

Description: Path to a BED file with a set of user regions for which read counts or enrichment values should be obtained. Supported are regular BED files with with TAB as column separator and 6 columns: chromosome (format: integers only or of type chr*), start (format: integers), end (format: integers), annotation (format: character), score (format: integer, will be ignored), and strand (format: one of [+-*.]). Note that the order of the columns is very important.

For user convenience, the following additional BED-like formats with fewer columns are supported and automatically recognized according to their total number of columns: 5 columns BED file (chromosome, start, end, annotation, strand), 4 columns BED file (chromosome, start, end, annotation), 3 columns BED file (chromosome, SNP position, annotation) and 2 columns BED file (chromosome, SNP position). See also the section input above for a visual summary of supported formats.

Valid values: a valid path to the file

Default value: none

assemblyVersion

Description: Genome assembly version. See valid values for a list of currently supported genome assemblies.

Valid values: hg18, hg19, hg38, mm9, mm10, dm3, sacCer3, and sacCer2 are supported. Click here to contact us if you need additional genomes.

Default value: hg19

effectiveGenomeSizePercentage

Description: The proportion of the genome that resembles the effective or mappable genome size, given the specific genome assembly version and the read length. If set to -1, SNPhood tries to automatically determine a reasonable value given the data from Koehler et al. (2011), Table 1 [10]. Currently, this automatic determination is only possible for the following genome assemblies: hg38, hg19, hg18, mm10, mm9, and dm3. For other genome assemblies or user-defined and potentially more precise values, the parameter has to or can be set manually. For more details, see here.

Valid values: -1 or a value between 0 and 1.

Default value: -1

headerLine

Description: Does the user regions file contain a header line? If set to TRUE, the first line will be skipped.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: TRUE

linesToParse

Description: For test purposes, use only the first X lines instead of the full file. Set to -1 to read in the full file.

Valid values: any positive integer value or -1

Default value: -1

regionSize

Description: This parameter determines the size of the user regions (in bp). The user-provided positions will be extended by this value on both sides, so that the entire region will be of size:2* regionSize + 1 because the original user position is also included. For more details, see Extending user regions and binning.

Valid values: any positive integer value

Default value: 500

binSize

Description: Size (in bp) of each bin. The full user region is binned equally according to the value of binSize. For more details, see the section Extending user regions and binning. Valid values: any positive integer value between 1 and regionSize (see above)

Default value: 10

lastBinTreatment

Description: The last bin in each region may be shorter than the other bins due to the specific settings of the parameters regionSize and binSize. Should the last bin be left untouched (“KEEPUNCHANGED”), deleted (“DELETE”), or extended to the bin size of the other bins (“EXTEND”)?

Valid values: KEEPUNCHANGED, DELETE or EXTEND

Default value: KEEPUNCHANGED

zeroBasedCoordinates

Description: By default, bases in BED files are zero-based. If not, set this parameter to FALSE, and positions will be converted to a zero-based format (i.e., positions will be decreased by one).

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: TRUE

startOpen and endOpen

Description: The convention for BED files is a half-open format (startOpen = FALSE and endOpen = TRUE). That is, the last base is not included in the feature while the first one is (example: 100-101 for a SNP located at position 100). However, fully closed intervals are common as well (example: 100-100). Internally, all positions are converted to a fully closed interval but for user convenience, this does not need to be done manually.

Valid values: TRUE or FALSE

Default value: FALSE