Gene set scores computation with NetActivity
Installation
You can install the current release version of NetActivity from Bioconductor with:
if (!require("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("NetActivity")You can install the development version of NetActivity from GitHub with:
Introduction
The coordination of multiple genes is required to perform specific biological functions, so grouping gene expression in gene sets provides better biological insights than studying individual genes. We have developed a framework, NetActivityTrain, to encode individual gene expression measurements into gene set scores. This framework is implemented in Nextflow and is based on sparsely-connected autoencoders. In our framework, each gene set is represented by a neuron in the hidden layer, which is connected to only the gene set genes from the input layer. Nonetheless, to ensure a better representation of the gene sets, all gene sets are connected to all genes in the output layer.
Our framework, NetActivityTrain, is implemented in
Nextflow, which is useful to train the models but not to apply the
models to new data. To overcome this issue, we have implemented the
package NetActivity.
NetActivity
enables to easily apply the gene set representations obtained with
NetActivityTrain to new datasets. We have included two
models containing GO Biological processes and KEGG pathways trained with
GTEx or TCGA data in NetActivityData.
Pre-processing
Computation of gene set scores is performed with
computeGeneSetScores. The computeGeneSetScores
functions requires a SummarizedExperiment
with the gene expression data standardized at gene level. The function
prepareSummarizedExperiment facilitates the process.
NetActivity can be applied to RNAseq or microarray data. We will exemplify how to process each dataset independently.
RNAseq
For this vignette, we will show how to process RNAseq using the airway dataset:
The airway dataset contains 63677 genes and 8 samples.
Gene expression data is represented as counts. NetActivity
functions require normalized data to work. We suggest using Variance
Stabilizing Transformation from DESeq2 to
normalize gene expression data:
ddsSE <- DESeqDataSet(airway, design = ~ cell + dex)
vst <- varianceStabilizingTransformation(ddsSE)Once we have normalized the data, we can proceed with the
pre-processing. prepareSummarizedExperiment requires two
arguments: a SummarizedExperiment and a model trained from
NetActivityTrain. The current version of
NetActivityData includes a model with GO-BP (Biological
Processes) terms and KEGG pathways trained with GTEx or with TCGA. In
this vignette, we will use the model trained in GTEx:
## Warning in prepareSummarizedExperiment(vst, "gtex_gokegg"): 50 genes present in
## the model not found in input data. The expression of all samples will be set to
## 0.## class: SummarizedExperiment
## dim: 63727 8
## metadata(0):
## assays(1): ''
## rownames(63727): ENSG00000000003 ENSG00000000005 ... ENSG00000278637
## ENSG00000280789
## rowData names(0):
## colnames(8): SRR1039508 SRR1039509 ... SRR1039520 SRR1039521
## colData names(10): SampleName cell ... BioSample sizeFactorprepareSummarizedExperiment performs two steps. First,
it checks whether all genes in the model are present in the input
SummarizedExperiment. Missing genes are added as a row of
0s. Second, the function standardizes gene expression data by gene. We
can compare the genes values before and after
prepareSummarizedExperiment to see the effect of
normalization:
rbind(assay(vst[1:5, ]) %>%
data.frame() %>%
mutate(Gene = rownames(.)) %>%
gather(Sample, Expression, 1:8) %>%
mutate(Step = "Before"),
assay(out[1:5, ]) %>%
data.frame() %>%
mutate(Gene = rownames(.)) %>%
gather(Sample, Expression, 1:8) %>%
mutate(Step = "After")) %>%
mutate(Step = factor(Step, levels = c("Before", "After"))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Gene, y = Expression, col = Gene)) +
geom_boxplot() +
theme_bw() +
facet_grid(~ Step, scales = "free") +
theme(axis.ticks = element_blank(), axis.text.x = element_blank()) 
Standardization. Effect of standardization on gene expression values. Before represent the gene expression values passed to prepareSummarizedExperiment. After are the values obtained after prepareSummarizedExperiment.
In Figure @ref(fig:plot), we can see that the original gene expression values are normalized values with different medians and dispersions. After standardization, all gene values are centered to a mean of 0 and have more similar distributions.
Next, we can check the values of a gene not present originally in the data:
## SRR1039508 SRR1039509 SRR1039512 SRR1039513 SRR1039516
## ENSG00000278637 0 0 0 0 0
## SRR1039517 SRR1039520 SRR1039521
## ENSG00000278637 0 0 0Notice that functions included in NetActivity require that
the SummarizedExperiment and the model shared the same
annotation. In this example, both objects were annotated using ENSEMBL
annotation, so no additional steps were required. In case the genes in
the SummarizedExperiment use a different annotation, see
how to convert them in the next section. Notice that the current models
included in NetActivityData contain the genes using ENSEMBL
annotation.
Microarray data
For this vignette, we will show how to process microarray data using the Fletcher2013a dataset:
## ExpressionSet (storageMode: lockedEnvironment)
## assayData: 47231 features, 46 samples
## element names: exprs
## protocolData: none
## phenoData
## sampleNames: MA1 MA2 ... MI6 (46 total)
## varLabels: Sample Time ... Target (10 total)
## varMetadata: labelDescription
## featureData
## featureNames: ILMN_1343291 ILMN_1343295 ... ILMN_3311190 (47231
## total)
## fvarLabels: PROBEID ENTREZ SYMBOL
## fvarMetadata: labelDescription
## experimentData: use 'experimentData(object)'
## Annotation: illuminaHumanv4Exp1 is an ExpressionSet containing the
information for 47231 genes and 46 samples. Genes are named with
Affymetrix ids, but the SYMBOL information is available.
The first step is converting the ExpressionSet to a
SummarizedExperiment:
Second, we will set the rownames to ENSEMBL. For this, we will first map probe ids to SYMBOL and then to ENSEMBL id. Notice that mapping probes to SYMBOL and then to ENSEMBL might result in probes without annotation or duplicated probes with the same ENSEMBL id. For the sake of simplicity, in this vignette we will remove probes without SYMBOL or with duplicated SYMBOLs based on order. Nonetheless, the users are encouraged to apply other criteria in order to get the final set.
rownames(SE_fletcher) <- rowData(SE_fletcher)$SYMBOL
SE_fletcher <- SE_fletcher[!is.na(rownames(SE_fletcher)), ]
SE_fletcher <- SE_fletcher[!duplicated(rownames(SE_fletcher)), ]
rownames(SE_fletcher) <- mapIds(org.Hs.eg.db,
keys = rownames(SE_fletcher),
column = 'ENSEMBL',
keytype = 'SYMBOL')## 'select()' returned 1:many mapping between keys and columnsSE_fletcher <- SE_fletcher[!is.na(rownames(SE_fletcher)), ]
SE_fletcher <- SE_fletcher[!duplicated(rownames(SE_fletcher)), ]
SE_fletcher## class: SummarizedExperiment
## dim: 18051 46
## metadata(0):
## assays(1): ''
## rownames(18051): ENSG00000156508 ENSG00000111640 ... ENSG00000221493
## ENSG00000221545
## rowData names(3): PROBEID ENTREZ SYMBOL
## colnames(46): MA1 MA2 ... MI4 MI6
## colData names(10): Sample Time ... TreatmentGroups TargetNow, we can pass the resulting SummarizedExperiment to
prepareSummarizedExperiment:
## Warning in prepareSummarizedExperiment(SE_fletcher, "gtex_gokegg"): 795 genes
## present in the model not found in input data. The expression of all samples
## will be set to 0.## class: SummarizedExperiment
## dim: 18846 46
## metadata(0):
## assays(1): ''
## rownames(18846): ENSG00000156508 ENSG00000111640 ... ENSG00000278637
## ENSG00000280789
## rowData names(0):
## colnames(46): MA1 MA2 ... MI4 MI6
## colData names(10): Sample Time ... TreatmentGroups TargetComputing the scores
Once we have pre-processed the data, we are ready to compute the gene
set scores. We will continue with the output of the microarray data
(out_array).
computeGeneSetScores requires two arguments: a
SummarizedExperiment and a model trained from
NetActivityTrain:
## class: SummarizedExperiment
## dim: 1518 46
## metadata(0):
## assays(1): ''
## rownames(1518): GO:0006734 GO:0008340 ... path:hsa04966 path:hsa04977
## rowData names(4): Term GeneSet Weights Weights_SYMBOL
## colnames(46): MA1 MA2 ... MI4 MI6
## colData names(10): Sample Time ... TreatmentGroups TargetcomputeGeneSetScores returns a
SummarizedExperiment with the gene set scores for all the
gene sets present in the model. The colData of the input
SummarizedExperiment is preserved, so this object can be
directly used for downstream analyses. The rowData contains
annotation of the gene sets, which can be useful for downstream
analyses:
## DataFrame with 1518 rows and 4 columns
## Term GeneSet
## <character> <character>
## GO:0006734 NADH metabolic process GO:0006734
## GO:0008340 determination of adu.. GO:0008340
## GO:0014854 response to inactivity GO:0014854
## GO:0019081 viral translation GO:0019081
## GO:0019835 cytolysis GO:0019835
## ... ... ...
## path:hsa04614 Renin-angiotensin sy.. path:hsa04614
## path:hsa04744 Phototransduction path:hsa04744
## path:hsa04964 Proximal tubule bica.. path:hsa04964
## path:hsa04966 Collecting duct acid.. path:hsa04966
## path:hsa04977 Vitamin digestion an.. path:hsa04977
## Weights
## <list>
## GO:0006734 0.0209889, 0.0738816,-0.0206952,...
## GO:0008340 0.1628420,-0.0977037,-0.1346692,...
## GO:0014854 -0.2046938,-0.1480707,-0.0132261,...
## GO:0019081 0.002303295, 0.027539201,-0.000309411,...
## GO:0019835 -0.0330166, 0.0329533, 0.0290691,...
## ... ...
## path:hsa04614 -0.0728291,-0.0747844,-0.0602768,...
## path:hsa04744 0.14130385,0.13613251,0.00561176,...
## path:hsa04964 0.0112757, 0.0593170,-0.0692757,...
## path:hsa04966 -0.0475978, 0.1188805, 0.0976878,...
## path:hsa04977 -0.0478214, 0.0285422,-0.0713180,...
## Weights_SYMBOL
## <list>
## GO:0006734 0.0209889, 0.0738816,-0.0206952,...
## GO:0008340 0.1628420,-0.0977037,-0.1346692,...
## GO:0014854 -0.2046938,-0.1480707,-0.0132261,...
## GO:0019081 0.002303295, 0.027539201,-0.000309411,...
## GO:0019835 -0.0330166, 0.0329533, 0.0290691,...
## ... ...
## path:hsa04614 -0.0728291,-0.0747844,-0.0602768,...
## path:hsa04744 0.14130385,0.13613251,0.00561176,...
## path:hsa04964 0.0112757, 0.0593170,-0.0692757,...
## path:hsa04966 -0.0475978, 0.1188805, 0.0976878,...
## path:hsa04977 -0.0478214, 0.0285422,-0.0713180,...Differential gene set scores analysis
Once the gene set scores are computed, we can test for differential expression using limma. We will run a differential analysis due to treatment, adjusted for time points:
mod <- model.matrix(~ Treatment + Time, colData(scores))
fit <- lmFit(assay(scores), mod) %>% eBayes()
topTab <- topTable(fit, coef = 2:4, n = Inf)
head(topTab)## TreatmentE2FGF10 TreatmentE2FGF10PD TreatmentUT AveExpr
## GO:1990440 1.0255687 0.03220728 -0.9531159 -2.665365e-15
## GO:0045943 0.5426360 0.03697507 -0.8617941 -4.600788e-16
## GO:0000470 -0.3737068 -0.12955486 0.8604381 -1.580107e-16
## GO:2000232 -0.3266975 -0.12581617 0.7801178 -2.597560e-16
## GO:0000083 0.2643651 -0.10021547 -1.0062766 -3.387236e-16
## GO:1902570 0.3195350 0.15336997 -0.5789914 -1.433032e-17
## F P.Value adj.P.Val
## GO:1990440 64.17145 1.525613e-17 2.315881e-14
## GO:0045943 52.21047 9.425313e-16 7.153813e-13
## GO:0000470 42.27615 5.140845e-14 2.601267e-11
## GO:2000232 31.03920 1.145680e-11 4.347856e-09
## GO:0000083 30.54355 1.494986e-11 4.538777e-09
## GO:1902570 27.48158 8.236405e-11 2.083810e-08For easing the interpretation, we can add the gene set full name to the results table:
## TreatmentE2FGF10 TreatmentE2FGF10PD TreatmentUT AveExpr
## GO:1990440 1.0255687 0.03220728 -0.9531159 -2.665365e-15
## GO:0045943 0.5426360 0.03697507 -0.8617941 -4.600788e-16
## GO:0000470 -0.3737068 -0.12955486 0.8604381 -1.580107e-16
## GO:2000232 -0.3266975 -0.12581617 0.7801178 -2.597560e-16
## GO:0000083 0.2643651 -0.10021547 -1.0062766 -3.387236e-16
## GO:1902570 0.3195350 0.15336997 -0.5789914 -1.433032e-17
## F P.Value adj.P.Val
## GO:1990440 64.17145 1.525613e-17 2.315881e-14
## GO:0045943 52.21047 9.425313e-16 7.153813e-13
## GO:0000470 42.27615 5.140845e-14 2.601267e-11
## GO:2000232 31.03920 1.145680e-11 4.347856e-09
## GO:0000083 30.54355 1.494986e-11 4.538777e-09
## GO:1902570 27.48158 8.236405e-11 2.083810e-08
## GeneSetName
## GO:1990440 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
## GO:0045943 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I
## GO:0000470 maturation of LSU-rRNA
## GO:2000232 regulation of rRNA processing
## GO:0000083 regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
## GO:1902570 protein localization to nucleolusMany gene sets present high differences due to treatment. We will further explore the top gene set (GO:1990440 or positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress).
Once we have our candidate gene set, we recommend taking a look to the distribution of gene set scores based on our variable of interest:
data.frame(Expression = as.vector(assay(scores["GO:1990440", ])),
Treatment = scores$Treatment) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Treatment, y = Expression, col = Treatment)) +
geom_boxplot() +
theme_bw() +
ylab("NetActivity scores")
GO:1990440 activity scores. GO:1990440 presented the most significant difference due to treatment.
We can clearly see differences in GO:1990440 activation scores between the different treatment groups in Figure @ref(fig:plotScores). UT samples have the lowest gene set activity scores while E2FGF10 have the highest activation scores.
Nonetheless, notice that the sign of the gene set score is arbitrary and cannot be directly interpreted. To be able to interpret the scores, we can take a look to the weights used for the computation:
weights <- rowData(scores)["GO:1990440", ]$Weights_SYMBOL[[1]]
data.frame(weight = weights, gene = names(weights)) %>%
mutate(Direction = ifelse(weight > 0, "Positive", "Negative")) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = gene, y = abs(weight), fill = Direction)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Weight") +
xlab("Gene")
Weights of GO:1990440 gene set. The figure represents the weights used for computing the GO:1990440 gene set score. Weights are in absolute value to enable an easier comparison of their magnitude. Positive weights are shown in blue and negative in red.
In Figure @ref(fig:plotWeight), we can see a comparison between the gene weights used for the gene set score computation. Genes with larger weights have a higher importance on gene set computation. Thus, ATF6, ATF4, DDIT3, CEBPB and TP53 are the most relevant genes for the gene set computation. As all of them have a positive sign, individuals with higher gene set activity scores for GO:1990440 will have higher expression of these genes.
## R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
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## attached base packages:
## [1] stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
## [8] base
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## other attached packages:
## [1] org.Hs.eg.db_3.20.0 AnnotationDbi_1.69.0
## [3] Fletcher2013a_1.41.0 limma_3.61.12
## [5] lubridate_1.9.3 forcats_1.0.0
## [7] stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4
## [9] purrr_1.0.2 readr_2.1.5
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## [13] ggplot2_3.5.1 tidyverse_2.0.0
## [15] airway_1.25.0 DESeq2_1.47.0
## [17] SummarizedExperiment_1.35.5 Biobase_2.67.0
## [19] MatrixGenerics_1.17.1 matrixStats_1.4.1
## [21] GenomicRanges_1.57.2 GenomeInfoDb_1.41.2
## [23] IRanges_2.39.2 S4Vectors_0.43.2
## [25] BiocGenerics_0.53.0 NetActivity_1.9.0
## [27] BiocStyle_2.35.0
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## [3] formatR_1.14 rlang_1.1.4
## [5] magrittr_2.0.3 NetActivityData_1.7.0
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