GSgalgoR user Guide
Overview
In the new era of omics data, precision medicine has become the new paradigm of cancer treatment. Among all available omics techniques, gene expression profiling, in particular, has been increasingly used to classify tumor subtypes with different biological behavior. Cancer subtype discovery is usually approached from two possible perspectives:
-Using the molecular data alone with unsupervised techniques such as clustering analysis. -Using supervised techniques focusing entirely on survival data.
The problem of finding patients subgroups with survival differences while maintaining cluster consistency could be viewed as a bi-objective problem, where there is a trade-off between the separability of the different groups and the ability of a given signature to consistently distinguish patients with different clinical outcomes. This gives rise to a set of optimal solutions, also known as Pareto-optimal solutions. To overcome these issues, we combined the advantages of clustering methods for grouping heterogeneous omics data and the search properties of genetic algorithms in GSgalgoR: A flexible yet robust multi-objective meta-heuristic for disease subtype discovery based on an elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), driven by the underlying premise of maximizing survival differences between groups while getting high consistency and robustness of the clusters obtained.
Algorithm
In the GSgalgoR package, the NSGA-II framework was used for finding multiple Pareto-optimal solutions to classify patients according to their gene expression patterns. Basically, NSGA-II starts with a population of competing individuals which are evaluated under a set of fitness functions that estimate the survival differences and cohesiveness of the different transcriptomic groups. Then, solutions are ranked and sorted according to their non-domination level which will affect the way they are chosen to be submitted to the so-called “evolutionary operators” such as crossover and mutation. Once a set of well-suited solutions are selected and reproduced, a new offspring of individuals composed of a mixture of the “genetic information” of the parents is obtained. Parents and offspring are pooled and the best-ranked solutions are selected and passed to the next generation which will start over the same process again.
Installation
GSgalgoR library
To install GSgalgoR package, start R and enter:
if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("GSgalgoR")
library(GSgalgoR)Alternatively you can install GSgalgoR from github using the devtool package
Examples datasets
To standardize the structure of genomic data, we use the ExpressionSet
structure for the examples given in this guide. The
ExpressionSet objects are formed mainly by:
- A matrix of genetic expression, usually derived from microarray or RNAseq experiments. - Phenotypic data, where we find information on the samples (condition, status, treatment, survival, and other covariates). - Finally, these objects can also contain Annotations and feature Meta-data.
To start testing GSgalgoR, we will use two Breast Cancer datasets. Namely, the UPP and the TRANSBIG datasets. Additionally, we will use PAM50 centroids to perform breast cancer sample classification. The datasets can be accessed from the following Bioconductor packages:
BiocManager::install("breastCancerUPP",version = "devel")
BiocManager::install("breastCancerTRANSBIG",version = "devel")Also, some basic packages are needed to run the example in this vignette
Examples
Loading data
To access the ExpressionSets we use:
data(upp)
Train<- upp
rm(upp)
data(transbig)
Test<- transbig
rm(transbig)
#To access gene expression data
train_expr<- exprs(Train)
test_expr<- exprs(Test)
#To access feature data
train_features<- fData(Train)
test_features<- fData(Test)
#To access clinical data
train_clinic <- pData(Train)
test_clinic <- pData(Test) Data tidying and preparation
Galgo can accept any numeric data, like probe intensity from microarray experiments or RNAseq normalized counts, nevertheless, features are expected to be scaled across the dataset before being plugged in into the Galgo Framework. For PAM50 classification, Gene Symbols are expected, so probesets are mapped into their respective gene symbols. Probesets mapping for multiple genes are expanded while Genes mapped to multiple probes are collapsed selecting the probes with the highest variance for each duplicated gene.
Drop duplicates and NA’s
#Custom function to drop duplicated genes (keep genes with highest variance)
DropDuplicates<- function(eset, map= "Gene.symbol"){
#Drop NA's
drop <- which(is.na(fData(eset)[,map]))
eset <- eset[-drop,]
#Drop duplicates
drop <- NULL
Dup <- as.character(unique(fData(eset)[which(duplicated
(fData(eset)[,map])),map]))
Var <- apply(exprs(eset),1,var)
for(j in Dup){
pos <- which(fData(eset)[,map]==j)
drop <- c(drop,pos[-which.max(Var[pos])])
}
eset <- eset[-drop,]
featureNames(eset) <- fData(eset)[,map]
return(eset)
}Expand probesets that map for multiple genes
# Custom function to expand probesets mapping to multiple genes
expandProbesets <- function (eset, sep = "///", map="Gene.symbol"){
x <- lapply(featureNames(eset), function(x) strsplit(x, sep)[[1]])
y<- lapply(as.character(fData(eset)[,map]), function(x) strsplit(x,sep))
eset <- eset[order(sapply(x, length)), ]
x <- lapply(featureNames(eset), function(x) strsplit(x, sep)[[1]])
y<- lapply(as.character(fData(eset)[,map]), function(x) strsplit(x,sep))
idx <- unlist(sapply(1:length(x), function(i) rep(i,length(x[[i]]))))
idy <- unlist(sapply(1:length(y), function(i) rep(i,length(y[[i]]))))
xx <- !duplicated(unlist(x))
idx <- idx[xx]
idy <- idy[xx]
x <- unlist(x)[xx]
y <- unlist(y)[xx]
eset <- eset[idx, ]
featureNames(eset) <- x
fData(eset)[,map] <- x
fData(eset)$gene <- y
return(eset)
}Train=DropDuplicates(Train)
Train=expandProbesets(Train)
#Drop NAs in survival
Train <- Train[,!is.na(
survival::Surv(time=pData(Train)$t.rfs,event=pData(Train)$e.rfs))]
Test=DropDuplicates(Test)
Test=expandProbesets(Test)
#Drop NAs in survival
Test <-
Test[,!is.na(survival::Surv(
time=pData(Test)$t.rfs,event=pData(Test)$e.rfs))]
#Determine common probes (Genes)
Int= intersect(rownames(Train),rownames(Test))
Train= Train[Int,]
Test= Test[Int,]
identical(rownames(Train),rownames(Test))
#> [1] TRUEFor simplicity and speed, we will create a reduced expression matrix for the examples.
#First we will get PAM50 centroids from genefu package
PAM50Centroids <- pam50$centroids
PAM50Genes <- pam50$centroids.map$probe
PAM50Genes<- featureNames(Train)[ featureNames(Train) %in% PAM50Genes]
#Now we sample 200 random genes from expression matrix
Non_PAM50Genes<- featureNames(Train)[ !featureNames(Train) %in% PAM50Genes]
Non_PAM50Genes <- sample(Non_PAM50Genes,200, replace=FALSE)
reduced_set <- c(PAM50Genes, Non_PAM50Genes)
#Now we get the reduced training and test sets
Train<- Train[reduced_set,]
Test<- Test[reduced_set,]Rescale expression matrix
Apply robust linear scaling as proposed in paper reference
Survival Object
The ‘Surv’ object is created by the Surv() function of the survival
package. This uses phenotypic data that are contained in the
corresponding datasets, accessed by the pData command.
Run galgo()
The main function in this package is galgo(). It accepts
an expression matrix and survival object to find robust gene expression
signatures related to a given outcome. This function contains some
parameters that can be modified, according to the characteristics of the
analysis to be performed.
Setting parameters
The principal parameters are:
- population: a number indicating the number of solutions in the population of solutions that will be evolved
- generations: a number indicating the number of iterations of the galgo algorithm
- nCV: number of cross-validation sets
- distancetype: character, it can be ‘pearson’ (centered pearson), ‘uncentered’ (uncentered pearson), ‘spearman’ or ‘euclidean’
- TournamentSize: a number indicating the size of the tournaments for the selection procedure
- period: a number indicating the outcome period to evaluate the RMST
Run Galgo algorithm
Galgo Object
The output of the galgo() function is an object of type
galgo.Obj that has two slots with the elements:
- Solutions
- ParetoFront.
Solutions
Is a l x (n + 5) matrix where n is the number of features evaluated and l is the number of solutions obtained.
- The submatrix l x n is a binary matrix where each row represents the chromosome of an evolved solution from the solution population, where each feature can be present (1) or absent (0) in the solution.
- Column n+1 represent the k number of clusters for each solutions
- Column n+2 shows the SC Fitness
- Column n+3 represent Survival Fitness values
- Column n+4 shows the solution rank
- Column n+5 represent the crowding distance of the solution in the final pareto front
ParetoFront
Is a list of length equal to the number of generations run in the algorithm. Each element is a l x 2 matrix where l is the number of solutions obtained and the columns are the SC Fitness and the Survival Fitness values respectively.
For easier interpretation of the galgo.Obj, the output
can be transformed to a list or to a
data.frame objects.
to_list() function
This function restructurates a galgo.Obj to a more easy
to understand an use list. This output is particularly useful if one
wants to select a given solution and use its outputs in a new
classifier. The output of type list has a length equals to the number of
solutions obtained by the galgo algorithm.
Basically this output is a list of lists, where each element of the output is named after the solution’s name (solution.n, where n is the number assigned to that solution), and inside of it, it has all the constituents for that given solution with the following structure:
- solution.n$Genes: A vector of the features included in the solution
- solution.n$k: The number of partitions found in that solution
- solution.n$SC.Fit: The average silhouette coefficient of the partitions found
- solution.n$Surv.Fit: The survival fitnes value
- solution.n$Rank: The solution rank
- CrowD: The solution crowding distance related to the rest of the solutions
outputList <- to_list(output)
head(names(outputList))
#> [1] "Solution.1" "Solution.2" "Solution.3" "Solution.4" "Solution.5"
#> [6] "Solution.6"To evaluate the structure of the first solution we can run:
outputList[["Solution.1"]]
#> $Genes
#> [1] "CDC20" "PTTG1" "BCL2" "MMP11" "MELK"
#> [6] "PGR" "KIF2C" "FOXC1" "MLPH" "CCNB1"
#> [11] "CD5" "CNOT4" "LOC728564" "HIRIP3" "SYT2"
#> [16] "PTMS" "KDELR2" "TEX12" "FGF7" "TMEM5"
#> [21] "APBA3" "STT3A" "PGGT1B" "PMVK" "HPSE2"
#> [26] "UNC13A" "SH3BGRL3" "LAMB2" "EVI2A" "LOC645468"
#> [31] "CNTD2" "CDT1" "SLC23A2" "SLC4A1" "FAM179B"
#> [36] "TAC1" "LOC100287927" "SLC2A5" "COL1A2" "METRN"
#> [41] "STRADA" "MSRB2" "UGT2B28" "PABPC1" "ATXN2L"
#>
#> $k
#> [1] 8
#>
#> $SC.Fit
#> [1] 0.04875826
#>
#> $Surv.Fit
#> [1] 778.201
#>
#> $rank
#> [1] 1
#>
#> $CrowD
#> [1] Infto_dataframe() function
The current function restructures a galgo.Obj to a more
easy to understand an use data.frame. The output data frame
has m x n dimensions, were the rownames (m) are the solutions obtained
by the galgo algorithm. The columns has the following structure:
- Genes: The features included in each solution in form of a list
- k: The number of partitions found in that solution
- SC.Fit: The average silhouette coefficient of the partitions found
- Surv.Fit: The survival fitness value
- Rank: The solution rank
- CrowD: The solution crowding distance related to the rest of the solutions
outputDF <- to_dataframe(output)
head(outputDF)
#> Genes k SC.Fit Surv.Fit Rank CrowD
#> Solutions.1 CDC20, P.... 8 0.04875826 778.2010 1 Inf
#> Solutions.2 CDC20, P.... 2 0.23661070 513.9689 1 Inf
#> Solutions.3 SLC39A6,.... 4 0.05215787 676.8825 1 0.5197082
#> Solutions.4 MYBL2, R.... 2 0.13514800 676.5938 1 0.4356005
#> Solutions.5 CDC20, P.... 2 0.18286943 570.5494 1 0.4130542
#> Solutions.6 MYBL2, M.... 2 0.14960581 663.7095 1 0.3612084
Case study
Breast cancer (BRCA) is the most common neoplasm in women to date and one of the best studied cnacer types. Currently, numerous molecular alteration for this type of cancer are well known and many transcriptomic signatures have been developed for this type of cancer. In this regards, Perou et al. proposed one of the first molecular subtype classification according to transcriptomic profiles of the tumor, which recapitulates naturally-occurring gene expression patterns that encompass different functional pathways and patient outcomes. These subtypes, (LumA, LumB, Basal-like, HER2 and Normal-Like) have a strong overlap with the classical histopathological classification of BRCA tumors and might affect decision making when used to decided chemotherapy in certain cases.
Data Preprocessing
To evaluate Galgo’s performance along with PAM50 classification, we will use the two already scaled and reduced BRCA gene expression datasets and will compare Galgo performance with the widely used intrinsic molecular subtype PAM50 classification. Galgo performs feature selection by design, so this step is not strictly necessary to use galgoR (although feature selection might fasten GSgalgoRruns), nevertheless, appropriate gene expression scaling is critical when running GSgalgoR.
Breast cancer classification
The scaled expression values of each patient are compared with the prototypical centroids using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the closest centroid to each patient is used to assign the corresponding labels.
#The reduced UPP dataset will be used as training set
train_expression <- exprs(Train)
train_clinic<- pData(Train)
train_features<- fData(Train)
train_surv<- survival::Surv(time=train_clinic$t.rfs,event=train_clinic$e.rfs)
#The reduced TRANSBIG dataset will be used as test set
test_expression <- exprs(Test)
test_clinic<- pData(Test)
test_features<- fData(Test)
test_surv<- survival::Surv(time=test_clinic$t.rfs,event=test_clinic$e.rfs)
#PAM50 centroids
centroids<- pam50$centroids
#Extract features from both data.frames
inBoth<- Reduce(intersect, list(rownames(train_expression),rownames(centroids)))
#Classify samples
PAM50_train<- cluster_classify(train_expression[inBoth,],centroids[inBoth,],
method = "spearman")
table(PAM50_train)
#> PAM50_train
#> 1 2 3 4 5
#> 22 30 94 73 15
PAM50_test<- cluster_classify(test_expression[inBoth,],centroids[inBoth,],
method = "spearman")
table(PAM50_test)
#> PAM50_test
#> 1 2 3 4 5
#> 45 26 80 44 3
# Classify samples using genefu
#annot<- fData(Train)
#colnames(annot)[3]="Gene.Symbol"
#PAM50_train<- molecular.subtyping(sbt.model = "pam50",
# data = t(train_expression), annot = annot,do.mapping = TRUE)Once the patients are classified according to their closest centroids, we can now evaluate the survival curves for the different types in each of the datasets
Survival of UPP patients
surv_formula <-
as.formula("Surv(train_clinic$t.rfs,train_clinic$e.rfs)~ PAM50_train")
tumortotal1 <- surv_fit(surv_formula,data=train_clinic)
tumortotal1diff <- survdiff(surv_formula)
tumortotal1pval<- pchisq(tumortotal1diff$chisq, length(tumortotal1diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
p<-ggsurvplot(tumortotal1,
data=train_clinic,
risk.table=TRUE,
pval=TRUE,
palette="dark2",
title="UPP breast cancer \n PAM50 subtypes survival",
surv.scale="percent",
conf.int=FALSE,
xlab="time (days)",
ylab="survival(%)",
xlim=c(0,3650),
break.time.by = 365,
ggtheme = theme_minimal(),
risk.table.y.text.col = TRUE,
risk.table.y.text = FALSE,censor=FALSE)
print(p)
Survival of TRANSBIG patients
surv_formula <-
as.formula("Surv(test_clinic$t.rfs,test_clinic$e.rfs)~ PAM50_test")
tumortotal2 <- surv_fit(surv_formula,data=test_clinic)
tumortotal2diff <- survdiff(surv_formula)
tumortotal2pval<- pchisq(tumortotal2diff$chisq, length(tumortotal2diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
p<-ggsurvplot(tumortotal2,
data=test_clinic,
risk.table=TRUE,
pval=TRUE,
palette="dark2",
title="TRANSBIG breast cancer \n PAM50 subtypes survival",
surv.scale="percent",
conf.int=FALSE,
xlab="time (days)",
ylab="survival(%)",
xlim=c(0,3650),
break.time.by = 365,
ggtheme = theme_minimal(),
risk.table.y.text.col = TRUE,
risk.table.y.text = FALSE,
censor=FALSE)
print(p)
Find breast cancer gene signatures with GSgalgoR
Now we run Galgo to find cohesive and clinically meaningful signatures for BRCA using UPP data as training set and TRANSBIG data as test set
Analyzing Galgo results
Summary of the results
output_df<- to_dataframe(output)
NonDom_solutions<- output_df[output_df$Rank==1,]
# N of non-dominated solutions
nrow(NonDom_solutions)
#> [1] 4
# N of partitions found
table(NonDom_solutions$k)
#>
#> 2 6 8
#> 2 1 1
#Average N of genes per signature
mean(unlist(lapply(NonDom_solutions$Genes,length)))
#> [1] 72.5
#SC range
range(NonDom_solutions$SC.Fit)
#> [1] 0.02520749 0.18988988
# Survival fitnesss range
range(NonDom_solutions$Surv.Fit)
#> [1] 534.5402 660.6422Select best performing solutions
Now we select the best performing solutions for each number of partitions (k) according to C.Index
RESULT<- non_dominated_summary(output=output,
OS=train_surv,
prob_matrix= train_expression,
distancetype =distancetype
)
best_sol=NULL
for(i in unique(RESULT$k)){
best_sol=c(
best_sol,
RESULT[RESULT$k==i,"solution"][which.max(RESULT[RESULT$k==i,"C.Index"])])
}
print(best_sol)
#> [1] "Solutions.1" "Solutions.2" "Solutions.3"Test Galgo signatures in a test set
We will test the Galgo signatures found with the UPP training set in an independent test set (TRANSBIG)
Classify train and test set into GSgalgoR subtypes
Calculate train and test set C.Index
To calculate the train and test C.Index, the risk coefficients are calculated for each subclass in the training set and then are used to predict the risk of the different groups in the test set. This is particularly important for signatures with high number of partitions, were the survival differences of different groups might overlap and change their relative order, which is of great importance in the C.Index calculation.
Prediction.models<- list()
for(i in best_sol){
OS<- train_surv
predicted_class<- as.factor(train_classes[,i])
predicted_classdf <- as.data.frame(predicted_class)
colnames(predicted_classdf)<- i
surv_formula <- as.formula(paste0("OS~ ",i))
coxsimple=coxph(surv_formula,data=predicted_classdf)
Prediction.models[[i]]<- coxsimple
}Calculate C.Index for training and test set using the prediction models
C.indexes<- data.frame(train_CI=rep(NA,length(best_sol)),
test_CI=rep(NA,length(best_sol)))
rownames(C.indexes)<- best_sol
for(i in best_sol){
predicted_class_train<- as.factor(train_classes[,i])
predicted_class_train_df <- as.data.frame(predicted_class_train)
colnames(predicted_class_train_df)<- i
CI_train<-
concordance.index(predict(Prediction.models[[i]],
predicted_class_train_df),
surv.time=train_surv[,1],
surv.event=train_surv[,2],
outx=FALSE)$c.index
C.indexes[i,"train_CI"]<- CI_train
predicted_class_test<- as.factor(test_classes[,i])
predicted_class_test_df <- as.data.frame(predicted_class_test)
colnames(predicted_class_test_df)<- i
CI_test<-
concordance.index(predict(Prediction.models[[i]],
predicted_class_test_df),
surv.time=test_surv[,1],
surv.event=test_surv[,2],
outx=FALSE)$c.index
C.indexes[i,"test_CI"]<- CI_test
}
print(C.indexes)
#> train_CI test_CI
#> Solutions.1 0.6574251 0.5399606
#> Solutions.2 0.6168465 0.5788955
#> Solutions.3 0.6117048 0.5375148
best_signature<- best_sol[which.max(C.indexes$test_CI)]
print(best_signature)
#> [1] "Solutions.2"Evaluate prediction survival of Galgo signatures
We test best galgo signature with training and test sets
train_class <- train_classes[,best_signature]
surv_formula <-
as.formula("Surv(train_clinic$t.rfs,train_clinic$e.rfs)~ train_class")
tumortotal1 <- surv_fit(surv_formula,data=train_clinic)
tumortotal1diff <- survdiff(surv_formula)
tumortotal1pval<- pchisq(tumortotal1diff$chisq,
length(tumortotal1diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
p<-ggsurvplot(tumortotal1,
data=train_clinic,
risk.table=TRUE,pval=TRUE,palette="dark2",
title="UPP breast cancer \n Galgo subtypes survival",
surv.scale="percent",
conf.int=FALSE, xlab="time (days)",
ylab="survival(%)", xlim=c(0,3650),
break.time.by = 365,
ggtheme = theme_minimal(),
risk.table.y.text.col = TRUE,
risk.table.y.text = FALSE,censor=FALSE)
print(p)
test_class <- test_classes[,best_signature]
surv_formula <-
as.formula("Surv(test_clinic$t.rfs,test_clinic$e.rfs)~ test_class")
tumortotal1 <- surv_fit(surv_formula,data=test_clinic)
tumortotal1diff <- survdiff(surv_formula)
tumortotal1pval<- pchisq(tumortotal1diff$chisq,
length(tumortotal1diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
p<-ggsurvplot(tumortotal1,
data=test_clinic,
risk.table=TRUE,
pval=TRUE,palette="dark2",
title="TRANSBIG breast cancer \n Galgo subtypes survival",
surv.scale="percent",
conf.int=FALSE,
xlab="time (days)",
ylab="survival(%)",
xlim=c(0,3650),
break.time.by = 365,
ggtheme = theme_minimal(),
risk.table.y.text.col = TRUE,
risk.table.y.text = FALSE,
censor=FALSE)
print(p)
Comparison of Galgo vs PAM50 classifier
Compare PAM50 classification vs Galgo classification in the TRANSBIG (test) dataset
surv_formula1 <-
as.formula("Surv(test_clinic$t.rfs,test_clinic$e.rfs)~ test_class")
tumortotal1 <- surv_fit(surv_formula1,data=test_clinic)
tumortotal1diff <- survdiff(surv_formula1)
tumortotal1pval<- pchisq(tumortotal1diff$chisq,
length(tumortotal1diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
surv_formula2 <-
as.formula("Surv(test_clinic$t.rfs,test_clinic$e.rfs)~ PAM50_test")
tumortotal2 <- surv_fit(surv_formula2,data=test_clinic)
tumortotal2diff <- survdiff(surv_formula2)
tumortotal2pval<- pchisq(tumortotal1diff$chisq,
length(tumortotal2diff$n) - 1,
lower.tail = FALSE)
SURV=list(GALGO=tumortotal1,PAM50=tumortotal2 )
COLS=c(1:8,10)
par(cex=1.35, mar=c(3.8, 3.8, 2.5, 2.5) + 0.1)
p=ggsurvplot(SURV,
combine=TRUE,
data=test_clinic,
risk.table=TRUE,
pval=TRUE,
palette="dark2",
title="Galgo vs. PAM50 subtypes \n BRCA survival comparison",
surv.scale="percent",
conf.int=FALSE,
xlab="time (days)",
ylab="survival(%)",
xlim=c(0,period),
break.time.by = 365,
ggtheme = theme_minimal(),
risk.table.y.text.col = TRUE,
risk.table.y.text = FALSE,
censor=FALSE)
print(p)
Session info
sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
#>
#> Matrix products: default
#> BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3
#> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so; LAPACK version 3.12.0
#>
#> locale:
#> [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
#> [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=C
#> [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
#> [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
#> [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
#> [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
#>
#> time zone: Etc/UTC
#> tzcode source: system (glibc)
#>
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] survminer_0.4.9 ggpubr_0.6.0
#> [3] ggplot2_3.5.1 genefu_2.37.0
#> [5] AIMS_1.39.0 e1071_1.7-16
#> [7] iC10_2.0.2 biomaRt_2.63.0
#> [9] survcomp_1.55.0 prodlim_2024.06.25
#> [11] survival_3.7-0 Biobase_2.67.0
#> [13] BiocGenerics_0.53.0 GSgalgoR_1.17.0
#> [15] breastCancerUPP_1.43.0 breastCancerTRANSBIG_1.43.0
#> [17] BiocStyle_2.35.0
#>
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#> [1] sys_3.4.3 jsonlite_1.8.9 magrittr_2.0.3
#> [4] SuppDists_1.1-9.8 farver_2.1.2 rmarkdown_2.28
#> [7] zlibbioc_1.51.2 vctrs_0.6.5 memoise_2.0.1
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