Automation and Visualization of Flow Cytometry Data Analysis Pipelines

Installation

To install this package, start R and enter (uncommented):

# if (!require("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
#     install.packages("BiocManager")
# 
# BiocManager::install("CytoPipeline")

Note that CytoPipeline imports ggplot2 (>= 3.4.1).
The version requirement is due to a bug in version 3.4.0., affecting ggplot2::geom_hex().

Introduction

The CytoPipeline package provides infrastructure to support the definition, run and standardized visualization of pre-processing and quality control pipelines for flow cytometry data. This infrastructure consists of two main S4 classes, i.e. CytoPipeline and CytoProcessingStep, as well as dedicated wrapper functions around selected third-party package methods often used to implement these pre-processing steps.

In the following sections, we demonstrate how to create a CytoPipeline object implementing a simple pre-processing pipeline, how to run it and how to retrieve and visualize the results after each step.

Example dataset

The example dataset that will be used throughout this vignette is derived from a reference public dataset accompanying the OMIP-021 (Optimized Multicolor Immunofluorescence Panel 021) article (Gherardin et al. 2014).

A sub-sample of this public dataset is built-in in the CytoPipeline package, as the OMIP021 dataset. See the MakeOMIP021Samples.R script for more details on how the OMIP021 dataset was created. This script is to be found in the script subdirectory in the CytoPipeline package installation path.

Note that in the CytoPipelinepackage, as in the current vignette, matrices of flow cytometry events intensities are stored as flowCore::flowFrame objects (Ellis B 2022).

Example of pre-processing and QC pipelines

Let’s assume that we want to pre-process the two samples of the OMIP021 dataset, and let’s assume that we want to compare what we would obtain when pre-processing these files using two different QC methods.

In the first pre-processing pipeline, we will use the flowAI QC method (Monaco et al. 2016), while in the second pipeline, we will use the PeacoQC method (Emmaneel et al. 2021). Note that when we here refer to QC method, we mean the algorithm used to ensure stability (stationarity) of the channel signals in time.

In both pipelines, the first part consists in estimating appropriate scale transformation functions for all channels present in the sample flowFrame. In order to do this, we propose the following scale transformation processing queue (Fig. 1):

  • reading the two samples .fcs files
  • removing the margin events from each file
  • applying compensation for each file
  • aggregating and sub-sampling from each file
  • estimating the scale transformations from the aggregated and sub-sampled data
Scale transform processing queue

Scale transform processing queue

When this first part is done, one can apply pre-processing for each file one by one. However, depending on the choice of QC method, the order of steps needs to be slightly different:

  • when using flowAI, it is advised to eliminate the ‘bad events’ starting from raw data (see (Monaco et al. 2016))
  • when using PeacoQC, it is advised to eliminate the ‘bad events’ from already compensated and scale transformed data (see (Emmaneel et al. 2021))

Therefore, we propose the following pre-processing queues represented in Fig. 2.

Pre-processing queue for two different pipeline settings

Pre-processing queue for two different pipeline settings

Building the CytoPipeline

CytoPipeline is the central S4 class used in the CytoPipeline package to represent a flow cytometry pre-processing pipeline. The main slots of CytoPipeline objects are :

  • an experimentName, which gives a name to a particular user definition of a pre-processing pipeline. The experiment here, is not related to an assay experiment, but refers to a specific way to design a pipeline. For example, in the current use case, we will define two experimentNames, one to refer to the flowAI pipeline, and another one to refer to the PeacoQC pipeline (see previous section);

  • a vector of sampleFiles, which are .fcs raw data files on which one need to run the pre-processing pipeline;

  • two processing queues, i.e. a scaleTransformProcessingQueue, and a flowFramesPreProcessingQueue, which correspond to the two parts described in previous section. Each of these queues are composed of one or several CytoProcessingStep objects, will be processed in linear sequence, the output of one step being the input of the next step.

Note there are important differences between the two processing queues. On the one hand, the scaleTransformProcessingQueue takes the vector of all sample files as an input, and will be executed first, and only once. On the other hand, the flowFramesPreProcessingQueue will be run after the scale transformation processing queue, on each sample file one after the other, within a loop. The final output of the scaleTransformProcessingQueue, which should be a flowCore::tranformList, is also provided as input to the flowFramesPreProcessingQueue, by convention.

In the next subsections, we show the different steps involved in creating a CytoPipeline object.

preliminaries: paths definition

In the following code, rawDataDir refers to the directory in which the .fcs raw data files are stored. workDir will be used as root directory to store the disk cache. Indeed, when running the CytoPipeline objects, all the different step outputs will be stored in a BiocFileCache instance, in a sub-directory that will be created in workDirand of which the name will be set to the pipeline experimentName.

library(CytoPipeline)

# raw data
rawDataDir <- system.file("extdata", package = "CytoPipeline")
# output files
workDir <- suppressMessages(base::tempdir())

first method: step by step, using CytoPipeline methods

In this sub-section, we build a CytoPipeline object and successively add CytoProcessingStep objects to the two different processing queues. We do this for the PeacoQC pipeline.

# main parameters : sample files and output files

experimentName <- "OMIP021_PeacoQC"
sampleFiles <- file.path(rawDataDir, list.files(rawDataDir,
                                                pattern = "Donor"))

pipL_PeacoQC <- CytoPipeline(experimentName = experimentName,
                             sampleFiles = sampleFiles)

### SCALE TRANSFORMATION STEPS ###

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "scale transform",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "flowframe_read",
            FUN = "readSampleFiles",
            ARGS = list(
                whichSamples = "all",
                truncate_max_range = FALSE,
                min.limit = NULL
            )
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "scale transform",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "remove_margins",
            FUN = "removeMarginsPeacoQC",
            ARGS = list()
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "scale transform",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "compensate",
            FUN = "compensateFromMatrix",
            ARGS = list(matrixSource = "fcs")
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "scale transform",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "flowframe_aggregate",
            FUN = "aggregateAndSample",
            ARGS = list(
                nTotalEvents = 10000,
                seed = 0
            )
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "scale transform",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "scale_transform_estimate",
            FUN = "estimateScaleTransforms",
            ARGS = list(
                fluoMethod = "estimateLogicle",
                scatterMethod = "linear",
                scatterRefMarker = "BV785 - CD3"
            )
        )
    )

### FLOW FRAME PRE-PROCESSING STEPS ###

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "flowframe_read",
            FUN = "readSampleFiles",
            ARGS = list(
                truncate_max_range = FALSE,
                min.limit = NULL
            )
        )
    )


pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "remove_margins",
            FUN = "removeMarginsPeacoQC",
            ARGS = list()
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "compensate",
            FUN = "compensateFromMatrix",
            ARGS = list(matrixSource = "fcs")
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(
        pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "perform_QC",
            FUN = "qualityControlPeacoQC",
            ARGS = list(
                preTransform = TRUE,
                min_cells = 150, # default
                max_bins = 500, # default
                step = 500, # default,
                MAD = 6, # default
                IT_limit = 0.55, # default
                force_IT = 150, # default
                peak_removal = 0.3333, # default
                min_nr_bins_peakdetection = 10 # default
            )
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(
        pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "remove_doublets",
            FUN = "removeDoubletsCytoPipeline",
            ARGS = list(
                areaChannels = c("FSC-A", "SSC-A"),
                heightChannels = c("FSC-H", "SSC-H"),
                nmads = c(3, 5))
            )
    )
                    

                
pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "remove_debris",
            FUN = "removeDebrisManualGate",
            ARGS = list(
                FSCChannel = "FSC-A",
                SSCChannel = "SSC-A",
                gateData =  c(73615, 110174, 213000, 201000, 126000,
                              47679, 260500, 260500, 113000, 35000)
            )
        )
    )

pipL_PeacoQC <-
    addProcessingStep(pipL_PeacoQC,
        whichQueue = "pre-processing",
        CytoProcessingStep(
            name = "remove_dead_cells",
            FUN = "removeDeadCellsManualGate",
            ARGS = list(
                FSCChannel = "FSC-A",
                LDMarker = "L/D Aqua - Viability",
                gateData = c(0, 0, 250000, 250000,
                             0, 650, 650, 0)
            )
        )
    )

second method: in one go, using JSON file input

In this sub-section, we build the flowAI pipeline, this time using a JSON file as an input. Note that the experimentName and sampleFiles are here specified in the JSON file itself. This is not necessary, as one could well specify the processing steps only in the JSON file, and pass the experimentName and sampleFiles directly in the CytoPipeline constructor.

jsonDir <- rawDataDir

# creation on CytoPipeline object,
# using json file as input
pipL_flowAI <-
  CytoPipeline(file.path(jsonDir, "OMIP021_flowAI_pipeline.json"),
               experimentName = "OMIP021_flowAI",
               sampleFiles = sampleFiles)

Executing pipelines

Executing PeacoQC pipeline

Note: executing the next statement might generate some warnings.
These are generated by the PeacoQC method, are highly dependent on the shape of the data investigated, and can safely be ignored here.

# execute PeacoQC pipeline
execute(pipL_PeacoQC, path = workDir)
## #####################################################
## ### running SCALE TRANSFORMATION processing steps ###
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [remove_margins] ...
## Removing margins from file : Donor1.fcs
## Warning in PeacoQC::RemoveMargins(ff, channels = channel4Margins,
## channel_specifications = PQCChannelSpecs): More than 10.12 % is considered as a
## margin event in file Donor1.fcs . This should be verified.
## Removing margins from file : Donor2.fcs
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [flowframe_aggregate] ...
## Proceeding with step 5 [scale_transform_estimate] ...
## #####################################################
## ### NOW PRE-PROCESSING FILE /tmp/RtmpTmrZ9m/Rinst1c044dcf649e/CytoPipeline/extdata/Donor1.fcs...
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [remove_margins] ...
## Removing margins from file : Donor1.fcs
## Warning in PeacoQC::RemoveMargins(ff, channels = channel4Margins,
## channel_specifications = PQCChannelSpecs): More than 10.12 % is considered as a
## margin event in file Donor1.fcs . This should be verified.
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [perform_QC] ...
## Applying PeacoQC method...
## Starting quality control analysis for Donor1.fcs
## Warning in FindIncreasingDecreasingChannels(breaks, ff, channels, plot, : There
## seems to be an increasing or decreasing trend in a channel for Donor1.fcs .
## Please inspect this in the overview figure.
## Calculating peaks
## Warning in PeacoQC::PeacoQC(ff = ffIn, channels = channel4QualityControl, :
## There are not enough bins for a robust isolation tree analysis.
## MAD analysis removed 38.81% of the measurements
## The algorithm removed 38.81% of the measurements
## Proceeding with step 5 [remove_doublets] ...
## Proceeding with step 6 [remove_debris] ...
## Proceeding with step 7 [remove_dead_cells] ...
## #####################################################
## ### NOW PRE-PROCESSING FILE /tmp/RtmpTmrZ9m/Rinst1c044dcf649e/CytoPipeline/extdata/Donor2.fcs...
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [remove_margins] ...
## Removing margins from file : Donor2.fcs
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [perform_QC] ...
## Applying PeacoQC method...
## Starting quality control analysis for Donor2.fcs
## Warning in FindIncreasingDecreasingChannels(breaks, ff, channels, plot, : There
## seems to be an increasing or decreasing trend in a channel for Donor2.fcs .
## Please inspect this in the overview figure.
## Calculating peaks
## Warning in PeacoQC::PeacoQC(ff = ffIn, channels = channel4QualityControl, :
## There are not enough bins for a robust isolation tree analysis.
## MAD analysis removed 9.57% of the measurements
## The algorithm removed 9.57% of the measurements
## Proceeding with step 5 [remove_doublets] ...
## Proceeding with step 6 [remove_debris] ...
## Proceeding with step 7 [remove_dead_cells] ...

Executing flowAI pipeline

Note: again this might generate some warnings, due to flowAI.
These are highly dependent on the shape of the data investigated, and can safely be ignored here.

# execute flowAI pipeline
execute(pipL_flowAI, path = workDir)
## #####################################################
## ### running SCALE TRANSFORMATION processing steps ###
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [remove_margins] ...
## Removing margins from file : Donor1.fcs
## Warning in PeacoQC::RemoveMargins(ff, channels = channel4Margins,
## channel_specifications = PQCChannelSpecs): More than 10.12 % is considered as a
## margin event in file Donor1.fcs . This should be verified.
## Removing margins from file : Donor2.fcs
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [flowframe_aggregate] ...
## Proceeding with step 5 [scale_transform_estimate] ...
## #####################################################
## ### NOW PRE-PROCESSING FILE /tmp/RtmpTmrZ9m/Rinst1c044dcf649e/CytoPipeline/extdata/Donor1.fcs...
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [perform_QC] ...
## Applying flowAI method...
## Quality control for the file: Donor1
## 5.46% of anomalous cells detected in the flow rate check. 
## 0% of anomalous cells detected in signal acquisition check. 
## 0.12% of anomalous cells detected in the dynamic range check.
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [remove_doublets] ...
## Proceeding with step 5 [remove_debris] ...
## Proceeding with step 6 [remove_dead_cells] ...
## #####################################################
## ### NOW PRE-PROCESSING FILE /tmp/RtmpTmrZ9m/Rinst1c044dcf649e/CytoPipeline/extdata/Donor2.fcs...
## #####################################################
## Proceeding with step 1 [flowframe_read] ...
## Proceeding with step 2 [perform_QC] ...
## Applying flowAI method...
## Quality control for the file: Donor2
## 66.42% of anomalous cells detected in the flow rate check. 
## 0% of anomalous cells detected in signal acquisition check. 
## 0.1% of anomalous cells detected in the dynamic range check.
## Proceeding with step 3 [compensate] ...
## Proceeding with step 4 [remove_doublets] ...
## Proceeding with step 5 [remove_debris] ...
## Proceeding with step 6 [remove_dead_cells] ...

Inspecting results and visualization

Plotting processing queues as workflow graphs

# plot work flow graph - PeacoQC - scale transformList
plotCytoPipelineProcessingQueue(
  pipL_PeacoQC,
  whichQueue = "scale transform",
  path = workDir)
PeacoQC pipeline - scale transformList processing queue

PeacoQC pipeline - scale transformList processing queue 

# plot work flow graph - PeacoQC - pre-processing
plotCytoPipelineProcessingQueue(
  pipL_PeacoQC,
  whichQueue = "pre-processing",
  sampleFile = 1,
  path = workDir)
PeacoQC pipeline - file pre-processing queue

PeacoQC pipeline - file pre-processing queue 

# plot work flow graph - flowAI - scale transformList
plotCytoPipelineProcessingQueue(
  pipL_flowAI,
  whichQueue = "scale transform",
  path = workDir)
flowAI pipeline - scale transformList processing queue

flowAI pipeline - scale transformList processing queue 

# plot work flow graph - flowAI - pre-processing

plotCytoPipelineProcessingQueue(
  pipL_flowAI,
  whichQueue = "pre-processing",
  sampleFile = 1,
  path = workDir)
flowAI pipeline - file pre-processing queue

flowAI pipeline - file pre-processing queue

Obtaining information about pipeline generated objects

getCytoPipelineObjectInfos(pipL_PeacoQC, 
                           path = workDir,
                           whichQueue = "scale transform")
##                     ObjectName   ObjectClass
## 1           flowframe_read_obj       flowSet
## 2           remove_margins_obj       flowSet
## 3               compensate_obj       flowSet
## 4      flowframe_aggregate_obj     flowFrame
## 5 scale_transform_estimate_obj transformList
getCytoPipelineObjectInfos(pipL_PeacoQC, 
                           path = workDir,
                           whichQueue = "pre-processing",
                           sampleFile = sampleFiles(pipL_PeacoQC)[1])
##              ObjectName ObjectClass
## 1    flowframe_read_obj   flowFrame
## 2    remove_margins_obj   flowFrame
## 3        compensate_obj   flowFrame
## 4        perform_QC_obj   flowFrame
## 5   remove_doublets_obj   flowFrame
## 6     remove_debris_obj   flowFrame
## 7 remove_dead_cells_obj   flowFrame

Retrieving flow frames at different steps and plotting them

# example of retrieving a flow frame
# at a given step
ff <- getCytoPipelineFlowFrame(
  pipL_PeacoQC,
  whichQueue = "pre-processing",
  sampleFile = 1,
  objectName = "remove_doublets_obj",
  path = workDir)

#
ff2 <- getCytoPipelineFlowFrame(
  pipL_PeacoQC,
  whichQueue = "pre-processing",
  sampleFile = 1,
  objectName = "remove_debris_obj",
  path = workDir)
ggplotEvents(ff, xChannel = "FSC-A")
1-dimensional distribution plot (forward scatter channel)

1-dimensional distribution plot (forward scatter channel) 

ggplotEvents(ff, xChannel = "FSC-A", yChannel = "SSC-A")
2-dimensional distribution plot (forward scatter vs. side scatter channels)

2-dimensional distribution plot (forward scatter vs. side scatter channels) 

ggplotFilterEvents(ff, ff2, xChannel = "FSC-A", yChannel = "SSC-A")
2-dimensional difference plot between remove_doublets and remove_debris steps

2-dimensional difference plot between remove_doublets and remove_debris steps

Example of retrieving another type of object

We now provide an example on how to retrieve an object from the cache, that is not specifically a flowCore::flowFrame.

Here we retrieve a flowCore::flowSet object, which represents a set of
flowCore::flowFrameobjects, that was obtained after the compensation step of the scale transformation processing queue, prior to aggregating the two samples.

obj <- getCytoPipelineObjectFromCache(pipL_PeacoQC,
                                      path = workDir,
                                      whichQueue = "scale transform",
                                      objectName = "compensate_obj")
show(obj)
## A flowSet with 2 experiments.
## 
## column names(22): FSC-A FSC-H ... Time Original_ID

Getting and plotting the nb of retained events are each step

Getting the number of retained events at each pre-processing step, and tracking these changes throughout the pre-processing steps of a pipeline for different samples is a useful quality control.

This can be implemented using CytoPipeline collectNbOfRetainedEvents() function. Examples of using this function in quality control plots are shown in this section.

ret <- CytoPipeline::collectNbOfRetainedEvents(
    experimentName = "OMIP021_PeacoQC",
    path = workDir
)
ret
##            flowframe_read remove_margins compensate perform_QC remove_doublets
## Donor1.fcs           5000           4494       4494       2750            2189
## Donor2.fcs           5000           4700       4700       4250            3431
##            remove_debris remove_dead_cells
## Donor1.fcs          1850              1784
## Donor2.fcs          3019              2984
retainedProp <- 
    as.data.frame(t(apply(
        ret,
        MARGIN = 1,
        FUN = function(line) {
            if (length(line) == 0 || is.na(line[1])) {
                as.numeric(rep(NA, length(line)))
            } else {
                round(line/line[1], 3)
            }
        }
    )))

retainedProp <- retainedProp[-1]

retainedProp
##            remove_margins compensate perform_QC remove_doublets remove_debris
## Donor1.fcs          0.899      0.899       0.55           0.438         0.370
## Donor2.fcs          0.940      0.940       0.85           0.686         0.604
##            remove_dead_cells
## Donor1.fcs             0.357
## Donor2.fcs             0.597
stepRemovedProp <- 
    as.data.frame(t(apply(
        ret,
        MARGIN = 1,
        FUN = function(line) {
            if (length(line) == 0) {
                as.numeric(rep(NA, length(line)))
            } else {
                round(1-line/dplyr::lag(line), 3)
            }
        }
    )))

stepRemovedProp <- stepRemovedProp[-1]

stepRemovedProp
##            remove_margins compensate perform_QC remove_doublets remove_debris
## Donor1.fcs          0.101          0      0.388           0.204         0.155
## Donor2.fcs          0.060          0      0.096           0.193         0.120
##            remove_dead_cells
## Donor1.fcs             0.036
## Donor2.fcs             0.012
library("reshape2")
library("ggplot2")
myGGPlot <- function(DF, title){
    stepNames = colnames(DF)
    rowNames = rownames(DF)
    DFLongFmt <- reshape(DF,
                         direction = "long",
                         v.names = "proportion",
                         varying = stepNames,
                         timevar = "step",
                         time = stepNames,
                         ids = rowNames)
    
    DFLongFmt$step <- factor(DFLongFmt$step, levels = stepNames)
    
    
    ggplot(data = DFLongFmt,
                 mapping = aes(x = step, y = proportion, text = id)) +
        geom_point(col = "blue") + 
        ggtitle(title) +
        theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90))
    
}

p1 <- myGGPlot(DF = retainedProp, 
               title = "Retained event proportion at each step")
p1

Scatterplot of proportion of retained events as a function of the cumulated preprocessing steps, for the two fcs files. As expected, this proportion decreases at each step.

p2 <- myGGPlot(DF = stepRemovedProp,
               title = "Event proportion removed by each step")
p2

Scatterplot of number of events removed as a function of the preprocessing step, for the two fcs files. The proportion varies between 0.0 and 0.4.

Interactive visualization

Using the CytoPipelineGUI package, it is possible to interactively inspect results at the different steps of the pipeline, either in the form of flowCore::flowFrame objects, or flowCore::transformList. To do this, install the CytoPipelineGUI package, and uncomment the following code:

#devtools::install_github("https://github.com/UCLouvain-CBIO/CytoPipelineGUI")
#CytoPipelineGUI::CytoPipelineCheckApp(dir = workDir)

Adding function wrappers - note on the CytoPipelineUtils package

As was described in the previous sections, CytoPipeline requires the user to provide wrappers to pre-processing functions, as FUN parameter of CytoProcessingSteps. These can be coded by the user themself, or come from a built-in function provided in CytoPipeline itself.

However, in order to avoid having too many external dependencies for CytoPipeline, another package CytoPipelineUtils, is also available CytoPipelineUtils is meant to be used in conjunction with CytoPipeline package. It is a helper package, which is aimed at hosting wrapper implementations of various functions of various packages.

CytoPipelineUtils is open to contributions. If you want to implement your own wrapper of your favourite pre-processing function and use it in a CytoPipeline object, this is the place to do it!

Session information

## R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
## Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
## 
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3 
## LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so;  LAPACK version 3.12.0
## 
## locale:
##  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C              
##  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=C              
##  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8   
##  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C                 
##  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C            
## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       
## 
## time zone: Etc/UTC
## tzcode source: system (glibc)
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] ggplot2_3.5.1      reshape2_1.4.4     CytoPipeline_1.7.0 BiocStyle_2.35.0  
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##   [1] changepoint_2.2.4     tidyselect_1.2.1      farver_2.1.2         
##   [4] dplyr_1.1.4           blob_1.2.4            filelock_1.0.3       
##   [7] fastmap_1.2.0         BiocFileCache_2.15.0  XML_3.99-0.17        
##  [10] digest_0.6.37         lifecycle_1.0.4       cluster_2.1.6        
##  [13] RSQLite_2.3.7         magrittr_2.0.3        compiler_4.4.1       
##  [16] rlang_1.1.4           sass_0.4.9            tools_4.4.1          
##  [19] utf8_1.2.4            yaml_2.3.10           data.table_1.16.2    
##  [22] knitr_1.48            labeling_0.4.3        bit_4.5.0            
##  [25] curl_5.2.3            diagram_1.6.5         plyr_1.8.9           
##  [28] RColorBrewer_1.1-3    withr_3.0.2           purrr_1.0.2          
##  [31] RProtoBufLib_2.17.0   BiocGenerics_0.53.0   sys_3.4.3            
##  [34] PeacoQC_1.15.0        grid_4.4.1            stats4_4.4.1         
##  [37] fansi_1.0.6           flowAI_1.35.2         colorspace_2.1-1     
##  [40] scales_1.3.0          iterators_1.0.14      cli_3.6.3            
##  [43] rmarkdown_2.28        crayon_1.5.3          ncdfFlow_2.51.0      
##  [46] generics_0.1.3        httr_1.4.7            rjson_0.2.23         
##  [49] DBI_1.2.3             cachem_1.1.0          flowCore_2.17.0      
##  [52] stringr_1.5.1         zlibbioc_1.51.2       parallel_4.4.1       
##  [55] BiocManager_1.30.25   matrixStats_1.4.1     vctrs_0.6.5          
##  [58] jsonlite_1.8.9        cytolib_2.17.0        IRanges_2.39.2       
##  [61] GetoptLong_1.0.5      S4Vectors_0.43.2      bit64_4.5.2          
##  [64] clue_0.3-65           Rgraphviz_2.49.1      maketools_1.3.1      
##  [67] foreach_1.5.2         jquerylib_0.1.4       hexbin_1.28.4        
##  [70] glue_1.8.0            codetools_0.2-20      stringi_1.8.4        
##  [73] shape_1.4.6.1         gtable_0.3.6          ggcyto_1.33.0        
##  [76] ComplexHeatmap_2.21.1 munsell_0.5.1         tibble_3.2.1         
##  [79] pillar_1.9.0          htmltools_0.5.8.1     graph_1.83.0         
##  [82] circlize_0.4.16       R6_2.5.1              dbplyr_2.5.0         
##  [85] doParallel_1.0.17     evaluate_1.0.1        flowWorkspace_4.17.0 
##  [88] lattice_0.22-6        Biobase_2.67.0        highr_0.11           
##  [91] png_0.1-8             memoise_2.0.1         bslib_0.8.0          
##  [94] Rcpp_1.0.13           gridExtra_2.3         xfun_0.48            
##  [97] zoo_1.8-12            buildtools_1.0.0      pkgconfig_2.0.3      
## [100] GlobalOptions_0.1.2

References

Ellis B, Hahne F, Haaland P. 2022. flowCore: Basic Structures for Flow Cytometry Data. https://bioconductor.org/packages/flowCore/.
Emmaneel, Annelies, Katrien Quintelier, Dorine Sichien, Paulina Rybakowska, Concepción Marañón, Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme, Gert Van Isterdael, Sofie Van Gassen, and Yvan Saeys. 2021. “PeacoQC: Peak-Based Selection of High Quality Cytometry Data.” Cytometry A, September.
Gherardin, Nicholas A, David S Ritchie, Dale I Godfrey, and Paul J Neeson. 2014. “OMIP-021: Simultaneous Quantification of Human Conventional and Innate-Like t-Cell Subsets.” Cytometry A 85 (7): 573–75.
Monaco, Gianni, Hao Chen, Michael Poidinger, Jinmiao Chen, João Pedro de Magalhães, and Anis Larbi. 2016. “flowAI: Automatic and Interactive Anomaly Discerning Tools for Flow Cytometry Data.” Bioinformatics 32 (16): 2473–80.