BERT (Batch-Effect Removal with Trees) offers flexible and efficient batch effect correction of omics data, while providing maximum tolerance to missing values. Tested on multiple datasets from proteomic analyses, BERT offered a typical 5-10x runtime improvement over existing methods, while retaining more numeric values and preserving batch effect reduction quality.
As such, BERT is a valuable preprocessing tool for data analysis workflows, in particular for proteomic data. By providing BERT via Bioconductor, we make this tool available to a wider research community. An accompanying research paper is currently under preparation and will be made public soon.
BERT addresses the same fundamental data integration challenges than the [HarmonizR][https://github.com/HSU-HPC/HarmonizR] package, which is released on Bioconductor in November 2023. However, various algorithmic modications and optimizations of BERT provide better execution time and better data coverage than HarmonizR. Moreover, BERT offers a more user-friendly design and a less error-prone input format.
Please note that our package BERT is neither affiliated with nor related to Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers as published by Google.
Please report any questions and issues in the GitHub forum, the BioConductor forum or directly contact the authors,
Please download and install a current version of R (Windows binaries). You might want to consider installing a development environment as well, e.g. RStudio. Finally, BERT can be installed via Bioconductor using
if (!require("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE)){
install.packages("BiocManager")
}
BiocManager::install("BERT")which will install all required dependencies. To install the development version of BERT, you can use devtools as follows
which may require the manual installation of the dependencies
sva and limma.
As input, BERT requires a dataframe1 with samples in rows
and features in columns. For each sample, the respective batch should be
indicated by an integer or string in a corresponding column labelled
Batch. Missing values should be labelled as NA. A
valid example dataframe could look like this:
example = data.frame(feature_1 = stats::rnorm(5), feature_2 = stats::rnorm(5), Batch=c(1,1,2,2,2))
example
#> feature_1 feature_2 Batch
#> 1 1.1596516 0.42597717 1
#> 2 1.2369604 -0.47601447 1
#> 3 -0.6788849 1.53784035 2
#> 4 -1.4884138 -0.66420939 2
#> 5 0.9368665 -0.04943783 2Note that each batch should contain at least two samples. Optional columns that can be passed are
Label A column with integers or strings indicating
the (known) class for each sample. NA is not allowed. BERT
may use this columns and Batch to compute quality metrics
after batch effect correction.
Sample A sample name. This column is ignored by BERT
and can be used to provide meta-information for further
processing.
Cov_1, Cov_2, …, Cov_x:
One or multiple columns with integers, indicating one or several
covariate levels. NA is not allowed. If this(these)
column(s) is present, BERT will pass them as covariates to the the
underlying batch effect correction method. As an example, this
functionality can be used to preserve differences between
healthy/tumorous samples, if some of the batches exhibit strongly
variable class distributions. Note that BERT requires at least two
numeric values per batch and unique covariate level to adjust a feature.
Features that don’t satisfy this condition in a specific batch are set
to NA for that batch.
Reference A column with integers or strings from
\(\mathbb{N}_0\) that indicate, whether
a sample should be used for “learning” the transformation for batch
effect correction or whether the sample should be co-adjusted using the
learned transformation from the other samples.NA is not
allowed. This feature can be used, if some batches contain unique
classes or samples with unknown classes which would prohibit the usage
of covariate columns. If the column contains a 0 for a
sample, this sample will be co-adjusted. Otherwise, the sample should
contain the respective class (encoded as integer or string). Note that
BERT requires at least two references of common class per adjustment
step and that the Reference column is mutually exclusive
with covariate columns.
Note that BERT tries to find all metadata information for a
SummarizedExperiment, including the mandatory batch
information, using colData. For instance, a valid
SummarizedExperiment might be defined as
nrows <- 200
ncols <- 8
expr_values <- matrix(runif(nrows * ncols, 1, 1e4), nrows)
# colData also takes all other metadata information, such as Label, Sample,
# Covariables etc.
colData <- data.frame(Batch=c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2), Reference=c(1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0))
dataset_raw = SummarizedExperiment::SummarizedExperiment(assays=list(expr=expr_values), colData=colData)BERT can be invoked by importing the BERT library and
calling the BERT function. The batch effect corrected data
is returned as a dataframe that mirrors the input dataframe2.
library(BERT)
# generate test data with 10% missing values as provided by the BERT library
dataset_raw <- generate_dataset(features=60, batches=10, samplesperbatch=10, mvstmt=0.1, classes=2)
# apply BERT
dataset_adjusted <- BERT(dataset_raw)
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.472606 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.479424 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.485967 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.668439 INFO::Found 600 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.679193 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.679683 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.680145 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.690208 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.690921 INFO::Found 10 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:04.691354 INFO::Cores argument is not defined or BPPARAM has been specified. Argument corereduction will not be used.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:06.386095 INFO::Using default BPPARAM
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:06.386596 INFO::Processing subtree level 1
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:07.787789 INFO::Processing subtree level 2
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.204603 INFO::Adjusting the last 1 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.20603 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.206445 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.210118 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.524385338209859 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.127712289775522 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.21056 INFO::ASW Label was 0.298759662323443 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.83527875986103 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.211385 INFO::Total function execution time is 5.12615966796875 s and adjustment time is 4.51536726951599 s ( 88.08 )BERT uses the logging library to convey live information
to the user during the adjustment procedure. The algorithm first
verifies the shape and suitability of the input dataframe (lines 1-6)
before continuing with the actual batch effect correction (lines 8-14).
BERT measure batch effects before and after the correction step by means
of the average silhouette score (ASW) with respect to batch and labels
(lines 7 and 15). The ASW Label should increase in a successful batch
effect correction, whereas low values (\(\leq
0\)) are desireable for the ASW Batch3. Finally, BERT prints
the total function execution time (including the computation time for
the quality metrics).
BERT offers a large number of parameters to customize the batch effect adjustment. The full function call, including all defaults is
BERT(data, cores = NULL, combatmode = 1, corereduction=2, stopParBatches=2, backend="default", method="ComBat", qualitycontrol=TRUE, verify=TRUE, labelname="Label", batchname="Batch", referencename="Reference", samplename="Sample", covariatename=NULL, BPPARAM=NULL, assayname=NULL)In the following, we list the respective meaning of each parameter: -
data: The input dataframe/matrix/SummarizedExperiment to
adjust. See Data Preparation for
detailed formatting instructions. - data The data for
batch-effect correction. Must contain at least two samples per batch and
2 features.
cores: BERT uses BiocParallel
for parallelization. If the user specifies a value cores,
BERT internally creates and uses a new instance of
BiocParallelParam, which is however not exhibited to the
user. Setting this parameter can speed up the batch effect adjustment
considerably, in particular for large datasets and on unix-based
operating systems. A value between \(2\) and \(4\) is a reasonable choice for typical
commodity hardware. Multi-node computations are not supported as of now.
If, however, cores is not specified, BERT will default to
BiocParallel::bpparam(), which may have been set by the
user or the system. Additionally, the user can directly specify a
specific instance of BiocParallelParam to be used via the
BPPARAM argument.combatmode An integer that encodes the parameters to
use for ComBat.| Value | par.prior | mean.only |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | TRUE | FALSE |
| 2 | TRUE | TRUE |
| 3 | FALSE | FALSE |
| 4 | FALSE | TRUE |
The value of this parameter will be ignored, if
method!="ComBat".
corereduction Positive integer indicating the factor
by which the number of processes should be reduced, once no further
adjustment is possible for the current number of batches.4 This parameter is used
only, if the user specified a custom value for parameter
cores.
stopParBatches Positive integer indicating the
minimum number of batches required at a hierarchy level to proceed with
parallelized adjustment. If the number of batches is smaller, adjustment
will be performed sequentially to avoid communication
overheads.
backend: The backend to use for inter-process
communication. Possible choices are default and
file, where the former refers to the default communication
backend of the requested parallelization mode and the latter will create
temporary .rds files for data communication. ‘default’ is
usually faster for small to medium sized datasets.
method: The method to use for the underlying batch
effect correction steps. Should be either ComBat,
limma for limma::removeBatchEffects or
ref for adjustment using specified references (cf. Data Preparation). The underlying batch
effect adjustment method for ref is a modified version of
the limma method.
qualitycontrol: A boolean to (de)activate the ASW
computation. Deactivating the ASW computations accelerates the
computations.
verify: A boolean to (de)activate the initial format
check of the input data. Deactivating this verification step accelerates
the computations.
labelname: A string containing the name of the
column to use as class labels. The default is “Label”.
batchname: A string containing the name of the
column to use as batch labels. The default is “Batch”.
referencename: A string containing the name of the
column to use as reference labels. The default is “Reference”.
covariatename: A vector containing the names of
columns with categorical covariables.The default is NULL, in which case
all column names are matched agains the pattern “Cov”.
BPPARAM: An instance of
BiocParallelParam that will be used for parallelization.
The default is null, in which case the value of cores
determines the behaviour of BERT.
assayname: If the user chooses to pass a
SummarizedExperiment object, they need to specify the name
of the assay that they want to apply BERT to here. BERT then returns the
input SummarizedExperiment with an additional assay labeled
assayname_BERTcorrected.
BERT utilizes the logging package for output. The user
can easily specify the verbosity of BERT by setting the global logging
level in the script. For instance
BERT exhibits a large number of parameters for parallelisation as to provide users with maximum flexibility. For typical scenarios, however, the default parameters are well suited. For very large experiments (\(>15\) batches), we recommend to increase the number of cores (a reasonable value is \(4\) but larger values may be possible on your hardware). Most users should leave all parameters to their respective default.
In the following, we present simple cookbook examples for BERT usage. Note that ASWs (and runtime) will most likely differ on your machine, since the data generating process involves multiple random choices.
Here, BERT uses limma as underlying batch effect correction algorithm
(method='limma') and performs all computations on a single
process (cores parameter is left on default).
# import BERT
library(BERT)
# generate data with 30 batches, 60 features, 15 samples per batch, 15% missing values and 2 classes
dataset_raw <- generate_dataset(features=60, batches=20, samplesperbatch=15, mvstmt=0.15, classes=2)
# BERT
dataset_adjusted <- BERT(dataset_raw, method="limma")
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.254497 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.255111 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.255914 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.257694 INFO::Found 2700 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.276461 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.276928 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.277317 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.285442 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.285984 INFO::Found 20 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.286364 INFO::Cores argument is not defined or BPPARAM has been specified. Argument corereduction will not be used.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.286819 INFO::Using default BPPARAM
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.287215 INFO::Processing subtree level 1
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.628839 INFO::Processing subtree level 2
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:09.96711 INFO::Processing subtree level 3
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.277432 INFO::Adjusting the last 1 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.279381 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.279975 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.290891 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.496802198999118 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.153407373255046 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.291375 INFO::ASW Label was 0.289989614865477 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.803311013727476 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.292082 INFO::Total function execution time is 1.03761005401611 s and adjustment time is 0.993489027023315 s ( 95.75 )Here, BERT uses ComBat as underlying batch effect correction
algorithm (method is left on default) and performs all
computations on a 2 processes (cores=2).
# import BERT
library(BERT)
# generate data with 30 batches, 60 features, 15 samples per batch, 15% missing values and 2 classes
dataset_raw <- generate_dataset(features=60, batches=20, samplesperbatch=15, mvstmt=0.15, classes=2)
# BERT
dataset_adjusted <- BERT(dataset_raw, cores=2)
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.31969 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.320274 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.321053 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.322748 INFO::Found 2700 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.343114 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.343635 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.344064 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.352688 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.353371 INFO::Found 20 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.836874 INFO::Set up parallel execution backend with 2 workers
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:10.837787 INFO::Processing subtree level 1 with 20 batches using 2 cores.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:12.835129 INFO::Adjusting the last 2 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:12.836163 INFO::Adjusting sequential tree level 1 with 2 batches
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:13.957199 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:13.957675 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:13.965117 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.444333248476196 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.113730102433695 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:13.965514 INFO::ASW Label was 0.347065760080836 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.852501390357978 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:13.966028 INFO::Total function execution time is 3.64640927314758 s and adjustment time is 3.60376715660095 s ( 98.83 )Here, BERT takes the input data using a
SummarizedExperiment instead. Batch effect correction is
then performed using ComBat as underlying algorithm (method
is left on default) and all computations are performed on a single
process (cores parameter is left on default).
nrows <- 200
ncols <- 8
# SummarizedExperiments store samples in columns and features in rows (in contrast to BERT).
# BERT will automatically account for this.
expr_values <- matrix(runif(nrows * ncols, 1, 1e4), nrows)
# colData also takes further metadata information, such as Label, Sample,
# Reference or Covariables
colData <- data.frame("Batch"=c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2), "Label"=c(1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2), "Sample"=c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8))
dataset_raw = SummarizedExperiment::SummarizedExperiment(assays=list(expr=expr_values), colData=colData)
dataset_adjusted = BERT(dataset_raw, assayname = "expr")
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.004416 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.004916 INFO::Recognized SummarizedExperiment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.005263 INFO::Typecasting input to dataframe.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.026039 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.026706 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.028905 INFO::Found 0 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.033029 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.033395 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.033752 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.036263 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.036751 INFO::Found 2 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.037103 INFO::Cores argument is not defined or BPPARAM has been specified. Argument corereduction will not be used.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.037487 INFO::Using default BPPARAM
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.037839 INFO::Adjusting the last 2 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.038415 INFO::Adjusting sequential tree level 1 with 2 batches
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.068796 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.06924 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.071757 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.020532710042619 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.112616707560145 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.072144 INFO::ASW Label was 0.0197488404098142 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.049501334778912 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.07263 INFO::Total function execution time is 0.068206787109375 s and adjustment time is 0.0321223735809326 s ( 47.1 )BERT can utilize categorical covariables that are specified in
columns Cov_1, Cov_2, .... These columns are automatically
detected and integrated into the batch effect correction process.
# import BERT
library(BERT)
# set seed for reproducibility
set.seed(1)
# generate data with 5 batches, 60 features, 30 samples per batch, 15% missing values and 2 classes
dataset_raw <- generate_dataset(features=60, batches=5, samplesperbatch=30, mvstmt=0.15, classes=2)
# create covariable column with 2 possible values, e.g. male/female condition
dataset_raw["Cov_1"] = sample(c(1,2), size=dim(dataset_raw)[1], replace=TRUE)
# BERT
dataset_adjusted <- BERT(dataset_raw)
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.097565 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.098114 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.098696 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.099934 INFO::Found 1350 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.100493 INFO::BERT requires at least 2 numeric values per batch/covariate level. This may reduce the number of adjustable features considerably, depending on the quantification technique.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.112415 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.112906 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.113327 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.117336 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.11792 INFO::Found 5 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.118338 INFO::Cores argument is not defined or BPPARAM has been specified. Argument corereduction will not be used.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.118833 INFO::Using default BPPARAM
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.119245 INFO::Processing subtree level 1
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.352701 INFO::Adjusting the last 2 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.35428 INFO::Adjusting sequential tree level 1 with 2 batches
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.394542 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.395168 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.399297 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.492773245691086 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.0377157224767566 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.399793 INFO::ASW Label was 0.40854766060101 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.895560693013661 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.400445 INFO::Total function execution time is 0.302903413772583 s and adjustment time is 0.276708602905273 s ( 91.35 )In rare cases, class distributions across experiments may be severely
skewed. In particular, a batch might contain classes that other batches
don’t contain. In these cases, samples of common conditions may serve as
references (bridges) between the batches
(method="ref"). BERT utilizes those samples as references
that have a condition specified in the “Reference” column of the input.
All other samples are co-adjusted. Please note, that this strategy
implicitly uses limma as underlying batch effect correction
algorithm.
# import BERT
library(BERT)
# generate data with 4 batches, 6 features, 15 samples per batch, 15% missing values and 2 classes
dataset_raw <- generate_dataset(features=6, batches=4, samplesperbatch=15, mvstmt=0.15, classes=2)
# create reference column with default value 0. The 0 indicates, that the respective sample should be co-adjusted only.
dataset_raw[, "Reference"] <- 0
# randomly select 2 references per batch and class - in practice, this choice will be determined by external requirements (e.g. class known for only these samples)
batches <- unique(dataset_raw$Batch) # all the batches
for(b in batches){ # iterate over all batches
# references from class 1
ref_idx = sample(which((dataset_raw$Batch==b)&(dataset_raw$Label==1)), size=2, replace=FALSE)
dataset_raw[ref_idx, "Reference"] <- 1
# references from class 2
ref_idx = sample(which((dataset_raw$Batch==b)&(dataset_raw$Label==2)), size=2, replace=FALSE)
dataset_raw[ref_idx, "Reference"] <- 2
}
# BERT
dataset_adjusted <- BERT(dataset_raw, method="ref")
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.475455 INFO::Formatting Data.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.476082 INFO::Replacing NaNs with NAs.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.476753 INFO::Removing potential empty rows and columns
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.477553 INFO::Found 60 missing values.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.48039 INFO::Introduced 0 missing values due to singular proteins at batch/covariate level.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.480819 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.4812 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics before batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.483228 INFO::Starting hierarchical adjustment
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.483793 INFO::Found 4 batches.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.484216 INFO::Cores argument is not defined or BPPARAM has been specified. Argument corereduction will not be used.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.484661 INFO::Using default BPPARAM
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.48508 INFO::Processing subtree level 1
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.56307 INFO::Adjusting the last 2 batches sequentially
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.565115 INFO::Adjusting sequential tree level 1 with 2 batches
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.585523 INFO::Done
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.586106 INFO::Acquiring quality metrics after batch effect correction.
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.588608 INFO::ASW Batch was 0.440355021914032 prior to batch effect correction and is now -0.087480278736629 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.589087 INFO::ASW Label was 0.373906827748893 prior to batch effect correction and is now 0.919791677398366 .
#> 2026-09-18 08:35:14.589663 INFO::Total function execution time is 0.114264011383057 s and adjustment time is 0.101866483688354 s ( 89.15 )Issues can be reported in the GitHub forum, the BioConductor forum or directly to the authors.
This code is published under the GPLv3.0 License and is available for non-commercial academic purposes.
Please cite our manuscript, if you use BERT for your research: Schumann Y, Gocke A, Neumann J (2024). Computational Methods for Data Integration and Imputation of Missing Values in Omics Datasets. PROTEOMICS. ISSN 1615-9861, doi:10.1002/pmic.202400100
sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.6.1 (2026-06-24)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS
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#> BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3
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#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] BERT_1.9.0 BiocStyle_2.41.0
#>
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#> [1] tidyselect_1.2.1 blob_1.3.0
#> [3] Biostrings_2.81.9 fastmap_1.2.0
#> [5] janitor_2.2.1 XML_3.99-0.24
#> [7] digest_0.6.39 timechange_0.4.0
#> [9] lifecycle_1.0.5 cluster_2.1.8.3
#> [11] statmod_1.5.2 survival_3.8-12
#> [13] KEGGREST_1.53.6 invgamma_1.2
#> [15] RSQLite_3.53.3 magrittr_2.0.5
#> [17] genefilter_1.95.0 compiler_4.6.1
#> [19] rlang_1.3.0 sass_0.4.10
#> [21] tools_4.6.1 yaml_2.3.12
#> [23] knitr_1.52 S4Arrays_1.13.0
#> [25] bit_4.6.0 DelayedArray_0.39.6
#> [27] abind_1.4-8 BiocParallel_1.47.0
#> [29] BiocGenerics_0.59.12 sys_3.4.3
#> [31] grid_4.6.1 stats4_4.6.1
#> [33] xtable_1.8-8 edgeR_4.99.6
#> [35] iterators_1.0.14 logging_0.10-111
#> [37] SummarizedExperiment_1.43.0 cli_3.6.6
#> [39] rmarkdown_2.32 crayon_1.5.3
#> [41] generics_0.1.4 otel_0.2.0
#> [43] httr_1.4.9 BiocBaseUtils_1.15.1
#> [45] DBI_1.3.0 cachem_1.1.0
#> [47] stringr_1.6.0 splines_4.6.1
#> [49] parallel_4.6.1 AnnotationDbi_1.75.2
#> [51] BiocManager_1.30.27 XVector_0.53.0
#> [53] matrixStats_1.5.0 vctrs_0.7.3
#> [55] Matrix_1.7-6 jsonlite_2.0.0
#> [57] sva_3.61.0 comprehenr_0.6.10
#> [59] IRanges_2.47.5 S4Vectors_0.51.10
#> [61] bit64_4.8.6 maketools_1.3.2
#> [63] locfit_1.5-9.12 foreach_1.5.2
#> [65] limma_3.99.0 jquerylib_0.1.4
#> [67] annotate_1.91.0 glue_1.8.1
#> [69] codetools_0.2-20 lubridate_1.9.5
#> [71] stringi_1.8.9 GenomicRanges_1.65.4
#> [73] htmltools_0.5.9 Seqinfo_1.3.2
#> [75] R6_2.6.1 evaluate_1.0.5
#> [77] lattice_0.23-1 Biobase_2.73.2
#> [79] png_0.1-9 memoise_2.0.1
#> [81] snakecase_0.11.1 bslib_0.12.0
#> [83] SparseArray_1.13.2 nlme_3.1-171
#> [85] mgcv_1.9-4 xfun_0.61
#> [87] MatrixGenerics_1.25.0 buildtools_1.0.0Matrices and SummarizedExperiments work as well, but will automatically be converted to dataframes.↩︎
In particular, the row and column names are in the same order and the optional columns are preserved.↩︎
The optimum of ASW Label is 1, which is typically however not achieved on real-world datasets. Also, the optimum of ASW Batch can vary, depending on the class distributions of the batches.↩︎
E.g. consider a BERT call with 8 batches and 8
processes. Further adjustment is not possible with this number of
processes, since batches are always processed in pairs. With
corereduction=2, the number of processes for the following
adjustment steps would be set to \(8/2=4\), which is the maximum number of
usable processes for this example.↩︎